Tinea is a skin infection caused by certain fungi. A significant fraction of the people wh

aims, the party with limited aims is bound to lose. This is so because the scope of a negotiating partys aims determines the energy and the perseverance that will be brought to the negotiations by that party. Which of the following is an assumption implicit in the passage above?

A．The intensity with which parties conduct negotiations affects the outcome of those negotiations.

B．Negotiations almost always pit against one another parties whose aims differ in scope.

C．The outcome of negotiations cannot be correctly predicted in advance.

D．A negotiator who has exceptionally high aims needs exceptional perseverance in order to avoid losing.

E．Negotiating parties are typically not aware of the scope of each other" s aims until the outcome is no longer in doubt.

olar system. The Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 billion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life. The statement above assumes which of the following?

A．Living creatures on another planet would probably have the same appearance as those on Earth.

B．Life cannot exist on other planets in our solar system.

C．If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevitable consequence.

D．More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an Earth-like planet.

E．It is likely that life on another planet would require conditions similar to those on Earth.

happened in California during the week following the switch to daylight saving time and during the week following the switch back to standard time than occurred the week before each event. These statistics show that these time changes adversely affect the alertness of California drivers. The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?

A．Drivers in California as well as those in the rest of the United States have similar driving patterns.

B．The observed increases in accident rates are due almost entirely to an increase in the number of minor accidents.

C．Four years is not a sufficiently long period of time over which to judge the phenomenon described.

D．There are no other factors such as school vacations or holiday celebrations that cause accident rates to rise during these weeks.

E．A time change at any other time of year would not produce a similar increase in accident rates.

ed preferable to intuitive decision-making. However, a recent study found that top managers used intuition significantly more than did most middle or lower-level managers. This confirms the alternative view that intuition is actually more effective than careful, methodical reasoning. The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions?

A．Methodical, step-by-step reasoning is inappropriate for making many real-life management decisions.

B．Top managers have the ability to use either intuitive reasoning or methodical, step-by-step reasoning in making decisions.

C．The decisions made by middle and lower-level managers can be made as easily by using methodical reasoning as by using intuitive reasoning.

D．Top managers use intuitive reasoning in making the majority of their decisions.

E．Top managers are more effective at decision-making than middle or lower-level managers.

More than a third of children in the United States watch television for more than five hours a day; in South Korea the figure is only 7 percent. But whereas less than 15 percent of children in the United States understand advanced measurement and geometric concepts, 40 percent of South Korean children are competent in these areas. Therefore, if United States children are to do well in mathematics, they must watch less television. Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends?

A．Children in the United States are less interested in advanced measurement and geometric concepts than are South Korean children.

B．South Korean children are more disciplined about doing schoolwork than are children in the United States.

C．Children who want to do well in advanced measurement and geometry will watch less television.

D．A child"s ability in advanced measurement and geometry increases if he or she watches less than one hour of television a day.

E．The instruction in advanced measurement and geometric concepts available to children in the United States is not substantially worse than that available to South Korean children.

some problems that cannot be solved by following any set of mechanically applicable rules. Yet computers can only solve problems by following some set of mechanically applicable rules. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A．At least one problem solvable by following some set of mechanically applicable rules is not solvable by any human mind.

B．At least one problem not solvable by following any set of mechanically applicable rules is solvable by at least one human mind.

C．At least one problem solvable by following some set of mechanically applicable rules is solvable by every human mind.

D．Every problem that is solvable by following more than one set of mechanically applicable rules is solvable by almost every human mind.

E．Every problem that is solvable by following at least one set of mechanically applicable rules is solvable by at least one human mind.

lot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes. Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends?

A．Training programs can eliminate pilot errors.

B．Commercial pilots routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers.

C．The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time.

D．Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes.

E．Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs.

etabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged. They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight then do people whose weight is normally at that level. Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate. The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?

A．Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.

B．The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.

C．The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.

D．Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.

E．Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.

d consequently spread from the polar regions are found at ocean depths far greater than those at which A. palmata can now survive. Therefore, although the fossilized A. palmata appears indistinguishable from A. palmata now living, it must have differed in important respects to have been able to live in deep water. The argument depends on the assumption that

A．no fossils of the coral A. palmata have been found that date from periods when glaciers were not spreading from the polar regions.

B．geological disturbances since the last period during which glaciers spread have caused no major downward shift in the location of A. palmata fossils.

C．A. palmata now live in shallow waters in most of the same geographical regions as those in which deep-lying A. palmata fossils have been found.

D．A. patlmata fossils have been found that date from each of the periods during which glaciers are known to have spread from the polar region.

E．A. palmata can live at greater depths where the ocean temperature is colder than they can where the ocean temperature is warmer.

a fare increase. The director of the bus service, however, pointed out that the previous bus fare increase had resulted in so many regular riders abandoning the bus system altogether that revenues from bus service had decreased. Another fare increase, the director argued, would only lead to another revenue drop. The director s argument depends on which of the following assumptions?

A．The previous fare increase was the same amount as the proposed fare increase.

B．Fare increases do not necessarily lead to lower revenues from city bus service.

C．A decrease in fares would result in increased ridership and increased revenues from bus service.

D．The fare increase would make Greenville" s bus service much more expensive than bus services in other comparable cities.

E．Some of the people currently using the bus have the option of not traveling by bus.