How can a marketer attempt to reduce the likelihood of a purchaser of their product experiencing cognitive dissonance？

For most of American history, businesses were run to provide livelihoods and "reasonable" profit. In the last few decades, though, business and society in the general have moved toward【M1】______ emphasizing profit maximization and individual self-interest. The transfer from "reasonable profit" to profit maximization has【M2】______ significant implications for corporate behavior. and government regulation. However, how society views the purpose of the【M3】______ corporation has significant implications not only for business, but also for the perceived responsibilities of its civilians, their【M4】______ interactions with each other, and their obligation to their fellow countrymen. Today, it is uncommon for corporations to direct their【M5】______ attention to serving for shareholder and management interests, and【M6】______ to achieving the highest short-term financial return. Not only has this view become commonplace in society and the economy, it has permeated educational institutions and affected how young people see the role of corporations. Lost in this orientation, though, is a sense of the corporation as a creature of the state, created and gave special powers and【M7】______ privileges by the state. The historic balance between "we" versus "me" has shifted dramatic toward a focus on self-interest at the【M8】______ expense of societal interest. The result has been a decline in broad social and economic values in favor of viewing the corporation solely a vehicle for personal financial enrichment. That view【M9】______ represents a significant shift from the historical—which the grant【M10】______ of corporate privilege was to advance public purposes such as building roads, bridges, and canals.

【M1】

似然比(1ikelihoodratio)

In America, you can achieve if you are prepared. You can soar(高飞)as far as your knowledge, drive and social skills will take you. The hitch is that although most of our children are born with incredible potential, far too many of them never see their promises fulfilled because their brains dont get enough stimulation(刺激)early in life. Jon Fine, CEO and president of United Way of King County, showed slides(幻灯片)of two brains during a speech Friday. One showed the brain of a child who received lots of stimulation, and the other the brain of a neglected child. There was a marked difference in the development of the temporal lobe(颞叶), which meant the child who hadnt had rich experiences in his or her early childhood would have trouble processing information. High-quality early education is the surest way to reduce the high school dropout rate because children start learning the moment they enter the world. It could keep more people out of prison and help grow the talent well need to rebuild our economy, mend our environment and write brilliant music. Think about something as simple as vocabulary. How do children acquire the kind of deep and broad repository(储存)of words and language skills that are the foundation of success in school and in life? Obviously, since you need it to succeed in school, waiting until you are in school to learn isnt the best option. Kids learn at home from their parents, and parents arent equally prepared to teach. Kids who arrive at school behind rarely catch up.

Which is the best title of this passage?

A．The Importance of Early Education.

B．The Equal Chance in America.

C．Family Education in America.

D．The Cause of the High-school Dropout Rate.

The agreement is overseen by the Committee on Agriculture which reviews progress in the implementation of commitments, and is required to monitor the follow-up on the Ministerial decision relating to the least-developed countries and net-food importing developing countries. "Peace" provisions within the agreement aim to reduce the likelihood of serious disputes or challenges on agricultural subsidies over a period of nine years.

(82) The agreement was conceived as part of a continuing process with the long-term objective of securing substantial progressive reductions in support and protection in agriculture. It calls for further negotiations to be initiated before the end of the fifth year of implementation.

(83) The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and phytosanitary(植物检疫的)Measures concerns the application of food safety and animal and plant health regulations.

It recognizes governments' rights to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures but stipulates that they must be based on science, should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between members where identical or similar conditions prevail.

Members are encouraged to base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist. (84)However, members may maintain or introduce measures which result in higher standards if there is scientific justification or as a consequence of consistent risk decisions based on an appropriate risk assessment.

(85) It is expected that members will accept the sanitary and phytosanitary measures of others as equivalent if the exporting country demonstrates to the importing country that its measures achieve the importing country's appropriate level of health protection.

(81)

The period of adolescence, i.e. , the person between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.

In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is an agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio- economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights, which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.

The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because______.

A．the definition of maturity has changed

B．the industrialized society is more developed

C．more education is provided and laws against child labor are made

D．ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance

The period of adolescence, i.e., the person between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.

In modem society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities, it is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver' s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights: the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can write, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age alter majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.

The length of adolescence is decided by all of the following EXCEPT______.

A．the definition of maturity and adulthood

B．change in social and economic conditions

C．industrialization of the society

D．development of science and technology

The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.

In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities axe granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license: he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights: the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.

The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ______.

A．the definition of maturity has changed

B．the industrialized society is more developed

C．more education is provided and laws against child labor are made

D．ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance

The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence was frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial society with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.

In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status, roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights. The young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after maturity status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what points adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.

The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ______.

A．the definition of maturity has changed

B．the industrialized society is more developed

C．more education is provided and laws against child labor are made

D．ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance

The period of adolescence, i.e., the person between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.

In modem society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socioeconomic status and the educational ambition of the individual.

Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of child-hood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights, At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights, which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as fights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to nm for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.

The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ______.

A．the definition of maturity has changed

B．the industrialized society is more developed

C．more education is provided and laws against child labor are made

D．ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance