People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, w

People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again ___1___ that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by ___2___ . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.

A different and not mutually exclusive ___3___ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one ___4___ by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives ___5___ , people will simply become lazy and depressed. ___6___ , today’s unemployed don’t seem to be havinga great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year reort having depression, double the rate for ___7___ Americans. Also, some research suggests that the ___8___ for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting ___9___ poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many ___10___ the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.

But it doesn’t ___11___ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the ___12___ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the ___13___ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could ___14___ strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the ___15 ___of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.

These days, because leisure time is relatively ___16___ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional ___17___ of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel ___18___ ,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself ___19___ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for___ 20___ matters.

1________

A.boasting

B.denying

C.warning

D.ensuring

2A.inequality

B.instability

C.unreliability

D.uncertainty

6A.Instead

B.Indeed

C.Thus

D.Nevertheless

10A.leave behind

B.make up

C.worry about

D.set aside

14A.disturb

B.restore

C.exclude

D.yield

16A.tricky

B.lengthy

C.mysterious

D.scarce

18A.ignored

B.tired

C.confused

D.starved

20A.technological

B.professional

C.educational

D.interpersonal

3A.policy

B.guideline

C.resolution

D.prediction

5A.wisdom

B.meaning

C.glory

D.freedom

15A.model

B.practice

C.virtue

D.hardship

17A.demands

B.standards

C.qualities

D.threats

4A.characterized

B.divided

C.balanced

D.measured

8A.explanation

B.requirement

C.compensation

D.substitute

19A.off

B.against

C.behind

D.into

7A.rich

B.urban

C.working

D.educated

11A.statistically

B.occasionally

C.necessarily

D.economically

9A.under

B.beyond

C.alongside

D.among

13A.absence

B.height

C.face

D.course

12A.chances

B.downsides

C.benefits

D.principles

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different ，with academics，writers，and activists once again ___1___ that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-freeworld will be defined by ___2___ . A few wealthy people will own all the capital ，and the masses will struggle in animpoverished wasteland.

A different and not mutually exclusive ___3___ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort ，one ___4___by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives ___5___ ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. ___6___today’s unemployed don ’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americanswho have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for ___7___ Americans. Also，some research suggests that the ___8___ for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting___9___poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many ___10___ the agonizingdullness of a jobless future.

But it doesn ’t ___11___ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the ___12___ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. Inthe ___13___ of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could ___14___ strikingly different circumstances for thefuture of labor and leisure. Today，the ___15___ of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring ，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher ，a lecturer at the National University of Irelandin Galway.

These days，because leisure time is relatively ___16___ for most workers，people use their free time tocounterbalance the intellectual and emotional ___17___ of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day ’s work ，Ioften feel ___18___ ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel ratherdifferent ”— perhaps different enough to throw himself ___19___ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usuallyreserved for ___20___ matters.

1____

A.boasting

B.denying

C.warning

D.ensuring

2A.inequality

B.instability

C.unreliability

D.uncertainty

3A.policy

B.guideline

C.resolution

D.prediction

7A.rich

B.urban

C.educated

D.working

14A.disturb

B.restore

C.exclude

D.yield

16A.tricky

B.lengthy

C.mysterious

D.scarce

19A.off

B.against

C.behind

D.into

20A.technological

B.professional

C.educational

D.interpersonal

4A.characterized

B.divided

C.balanced

D.measured

17A.demands

B.standards

C.qualities

D.threats

5A.wisdom

B.meaning

C.glory

D.freedom

15A.model

B.practice

C.virtue

D.hardship

9A.under

B.beyond

C.alongside

D.among

18A.ignored

B.tired

C.confused

D.starved

6A.Instead

B.Indeed

C.Thus

D.Nevertheless

8A.explanation

B.requirement

C.compensation

D.substitute

13A.absence

B.height

C.face

D.course

10A.leave behind

B.make up

C.worry about

D.set aside

11A.statistically

B.occasionally

C.necessarily

D.economically

12A.chances

B.downsides

C.benefits

D.principles

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Today automobiles produced by different countries may have the same basic features because

A. the technology used in producing automobiles is universalizing.

B. consumers consider similar efficiency and economics of cars.

C. there is a fixed standard for making automobiles in the world.

D. people who are growing alike want their cars to be the same.

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have been developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as nature/nurture .

Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patter, ns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of the behavior.

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior. lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

According to the passage, people have wondered for a long time

A. why one is different from another

B. how one has certain personalities and behaviors

C. why one is more intelligent than another

D. why one is cooperative and another is competitive

How Personalities and Behaviors are Formed？

1. People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and .behaviors are formeD．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

2. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developeD．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs. nurture".

3. Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological (生理学的) factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is pre- determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

4. Those who support the "nurture" theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B． F． Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as the basis of their behavior.

5. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. Supporters of the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determineD．Needless to say, they don't believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristiC．On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels ate the product of our experience. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses experience greater intellectual development.

第 23 题 Paragraph 1__________

A．Environment is important

B．Two approaches are different from each other

C．How personalities and behaviors are formed

D．Our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological factors

E．We want to explain the behaviors

F．The "nature" theory is better than the "nurture" theory

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed, h is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as "nature/nurture".

Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

Proponents of the "nurture "theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.

Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior. lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

Which one of the following statements would supporters of the "nature" theory agree with?

A．A person's instincts have little effect on his action

B．Environment is important in determining a person's behavior. and personality

C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act

D．The behaviorists' view correctly explains how we act

请根据短文的内容，回答题。

What Is a Dream?

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however,think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person&39;s mind and emotions.<br>

Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.<br>

The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person&39;s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.<br>

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud&39;s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.<br>

Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person&39;s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.<br>

Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.<br>

He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men&39;s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women&39;s dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.<br>

Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn&39;t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It&39;s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It's not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature/nurture".

Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior. is al- most completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.

The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior. lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A．Nature or Nurture.

B．Cooperative or Competitive.

C．Intelligence: Product of Experiences.

D．Behavior. Product of Instincts.