What is the evidence to deny animal experimentation？A．Some side effects cannot be communic

ere gonna talk about animal experimentation. Do you know why animal experimentation is scientific fraud? I am an animal lover. Although I have never personally performed vivisection or experimented on animals, I have many friends and former colleagues who have done so. Almost every single one of these people feel an enormous burden and responsibility to see that the animals suffer as little as possible and that no animal in an experiment loses its life for nothing. Scientists for the most part are not in it for the money or the fame, both of which most scientists NEVER see much of, by the way. They want to help make the world a little better while exercising their innate curiosity. For you to demonize the many scientists who experiment while trying to find cures for diseases is really unfortunate and demonstrates that you are terribly uninformed. Am I saying that human life is more important than animal life? I am not. Animal experimentation is also performed on animals for the betterment of animal health. Am I saying that all animal experimentation is necessary? Absolutely not. Some of it is very likely a sad waste of animal lives and the cause of needless suffering, and certainly a waste of limited research funding. Am I saying that some of this work has saved human lives? Absolutely. Satan Jr.s example(insulin)is one such case. As an animal lover, I will be most pleased when the use of animals in science is no longer performed. Do you really want to help make animal experimentation a memory? Then become a scientist and develop alternative disease models and non-animal based remedies and then make your research widely available to other scientists. If you had really done your homework and focused on something beyond your anger and hatred, you would see that many scientists have already done just this. You can also donate time and/or money to organizations that support the development of alternatives to animal testing. Science, like so many other fields, is slow to evolve. It will take time. The great advances in science that have given us the high standard of medical care humans and animals enjoy today have come from clinical observation, in vitro research, epidemiology, autopsies, serendipity, computer and mathematical modeling, technology, tissue research using the tissue from the species being studied, molecular biology and genetics, post-marketing drug surveillance, the basic sciences of maths, chemistry and physics and the specialization of medical care, including the specialization of physicians and veterinarians. The animal experimentation lobby, however, spends millions annually to convince the public that all medical advances are directly due to animal experiments. Furthermore, animals are not able to communicate about any side effects they may be experiencing. At least half of the side effects experienced by most drugs cannot be accurately communicated by animals. In April 1998, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported on a study which showed that more than 2 million Americans become seriously ill every year because of toxic reactions to correctly prescribed medicine and 106 000 die from those reactions, making drug side effects the sixth most common cause of death in this country! Legal drugs kill more people per year than all illegal drugs combined. People expect me and want me to argue against vivisection on a purely scientific basis. I can do that. However, I cannot and will not forgo the ethical argument. For when all is said and done, I believe that research on animals is ethically wrong, and that nothing "good" can ever come out of something so morally debased. I often cite the hypothermia experiments done on Jews in the concentration camps during World War II. This experimentation on helpless, non-consenting humans who suffered and died as a result of these experiments actually taught scientists a great deal about treating hypothermia in humans. But was it right? I would argue that it was absolutely wrong, no matter how much useful information we garnered. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. 18. What aspect of animal experimentation does the professor mainly discuss? 19. What does the professor say about animal experimentation? 20. What is the evidence to deny animal experimentation? Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Professor Do you really want to help make animal experimentation a memory? Then become a scientist and develop alternative disease models and non-animal based remedies and then make your research widely available to other scientists. 21. What does the professor imply when he says this? Professor Do you really want to help make animal experimentation a memory? 22. Why does the professor say this? Professor For when all is said and done, I believe that research on animals is ethically wrong, and that nothing "good" can ever come out of something so morally debased. 23. How does the professor remind students of the cruelness of animal experimentation?Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

What aspect of animal experimentation does the professor mainly discuss?

A．How harmful it is to use animals in experiments.

B．How useless it is to use animals for medical treament.

C．How fast is animal experimentation developed in recent years.

D．How is animal experimentation different from other kinds of experimetation.

entence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A．It cannot be imagined that a child can experiment with objects.

B．It is an easy task for a child to do experiments with objects.

C．A child who likes doing experiments with objects is likely to be an inventor.

D．It encourages children to perform. experiments with objects.

a motor car EXCEPT______.

A．the great multitude

B．the best materials

C．the best workers to be hired

D．unaffordable price

According to the passage, which of the following is true of acid rain?

A．Tree leaves die of lack of water from acid rain.

B．Spruce growth is accelerated by acid rain.

C．Acid rain kills the microorganisms within the soil.

D．Beech trees suffer more than other trees in acid rain.

llution EXCEPT that______.

A．the brakes on cars give off asbestos bad for health

B．car combustion emits poisonous chemicals

C．catalytic converters also produces poisonous chemicals

D．tires give off small rubber particles harmful to health

Where can the student find his compatriots at the college?

A．In training sessions.

B．In a Filipino society.

C．On a badminton court.

D．In a basketball team.

Which office helps overseas students with their particular problems?

A．Sports Club.

B．Union Societies.

C．Accommodation Office.

D．Welfare Office.

out old people?

A．The aged are normally strong mentally.

B．The aged are normally weak physically.

C．The aged usually lack companions.

D．The aged usually live in solitude.

Why does the professor say this?

A．To express uncertainty about the previous statement.

B．To end the discussion on the definition of marketing.

C．To check the students" understanding of marketing.

D．To find out what the students prefer.

n and marketing of goods, services, and causes are the essence of economic life in any society. All organizations perform. these two basic functions to satisfy their commitments to society, their customers, and their owners. They create a benefit that economists call utility. Utility is the power of a good or service in satisfying a need. There are four basic kinds of utility, that is, form. utility, time utility, place utility and ownership utility. First, lets have a look at form. utility. Form. utility is created when the firm changes raw materials and component inputs into finished goods and services. For example, RAC uses glass, plastics, metals, circuit boards and other components to create a television set. Ethan Allen produces a sofa with such materials as fabric, thread, wood, springs, and down feathers. The television show Friends starts with writers, actors, scripts, director, producer, technical crew, and sound stage. Although marketing offers these products to the consumers, it is the organizations production department that actually creates the form. utility. But, marketing creates the other three kinds of utility, namely, time utility, place utility and ownership utility. When consumers need goods and services, if they can find the goods and services at the right time and the right place, time utility and place utility are created. For example, Federal Express and Airborne Express provide overnight courier service. They create time utility. People can buy newspapers, snacks, and soft drink at vending machines. These vending machines focus on providing place utility. Now I will explain what ownership utility is. When consumers buy goods and services, the title of goods and services are transferred. In this case, ownership utility is created. Now, lets look at this example. Uh...on planes, in front of the seats, there are GTE Airfone, so that air travelers can make calls, send e-mail messages, retrieve voice mail and even surf the Internet from 35 000 feet above the earth. Customers may swipe a credit card along a special reader and then the telephone is activated. By doing this, the customers buy the service. So, here, you may have seen marketings function in creating utilities. All organizations must create utility in order to survive. To create utility, the foundation is to design and produce market goods, services and ideas that can satisfy consumers needs However, only recently have people noticed that marketing is extremely important for an organization. Then, you may ask what marketing exactly is. If you ask five people to define the term marketing, you may get five definitions. People are continuously exposed to advertisements and personal selling, so marketing may be simply selling. Or... marketing only begins after the goods or services are produced. Actually, marketing involves other activities. For instance, you have to analyze customers needs and seek essential information before you design and produce goods or services. After selling the goods or services, you still need to maintain relationships with costumers. Besides, marketing exists not only in profit-oriented firms but also in thousands of not-for-profit organizations. All of these factors are taken into account in todays definition of marketing. Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives. As we can see, in this definition, all organizational functions are involved. So, we can say, marketing serves the interests of both society and the organizations, or, say, the interests of both the consumers and the enterprises. Is that OK? ...Maybe... in another way. We see, the four variables of marketing are also included, that is, product, price, promotion and distribution. In addition, this definition also emphasizes creating and maintaining relationship with customers. Finally, it recognizes that marketing applies to not-for-profit organizations as well as to profit-oriented businesses. So, you must have got a clear understanding of marketing now. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. 1. In the lecture, the professor describes the utilities that are created by the two basic functions productions and marketing. Indicate which of the following is by production and which is by marketing. Tick in the correct box for each phrase. 2. Why does the professor cite GTE Airfone as an example? 3. According to the professor, which of the following activities is not included in marketing? 4. Why does the professor take Federal Express and Airborne Express as an example in his lecture? 5. What is the intended meaning of the professor when he says this? Professor If you ask five people to define the term marketing, you may get five definitions. People are continuously exposed to advertisements and personal selling, so, marketing may be simply selling. Or... marketing only begins after the goods or services are produced. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Professor As we can see, in this definition, all organizational functions are involved. So, we can say, marketing serves the interests of both society and the organizations, or, say, the interests of both the consumers and the enterprises. Is that OK? ... Maybe... in another way. 6. Why does the professor say this? Professor Is that OK?Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a marketing class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

In the lecture, the professor describes the utilities that are created by the two basic functions-productions and marketing. Indicate which of the following is by production and which is by marketing. Click in the correct box for each phrase.