¿Cuáles de los siguientes se encuentran entre las formas primitivas literarias de la Edad Media？

_______checks for maintenance are performed regularly, you are not assured of reliable, quality service.

A．whereas

B．in case

C．as long as

D．unless

A Cross-cultural Phenomenon

There appears to be a great variation as to the treatment that older adults receive, ranging from extreme reverence and respect to abandonment and deprivation with a broad range of studies dealing with perceptions of old agc. Most investigators report findings which support the view that attitudes toward the elderly were most favorable in primitive societies and decrease with increasing modernization to the point of generally negative view in industrialized Western nations. In other words, the more "civilized" the society is, the more likely they are to be ageist and maintain negative attitudes about the aged. Some examples may be helpful.

Men in the Middle East view old age as life's summit. Older men are viewed as having attained high status and prestige. In fact, the word "sheik" originally meant "old man". No mention is, however, made of women's status in old age in the Middle East.

Women's status and power does increase in many cultures following menopause. It is stated that the old widow has great power in the Japanese family. Women in many small-scale traditional societies also enjoy an increase in status. Post-menopausal women in these societies usually experience greater sexual freedom, the right to participate in ritual, the right to participate in the political realm of the society, and a decrease in the amount of work required in the home. With regard to work, the older woman is expected to be leisured.

The cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards the aged may in part be due to different societal perspectives. Three of the factors hypothesized to contribute to the development of ageism are of relevance here. First, death is not viewed in Western society as a natural part of the life cycle. Those societies, which view life and death as a continuous process, exhibit fewer ageist attitudes. For example, fewer ageist attitudes are exhibited in Japan and the Middle East. Second, older individuals are viewed as productive in many small-scale traditional societies. In fact, they are often the power brokers within those societies. This can be compared with Western society where older adults are thought of as unproductive and therefore, negatively. Last, not all societies are youth oriented. Therefore, a higher value is placed on the later stages of adulthood.

What does the author mean by cross-cultural phenomenon concerning people's attitudes toward ageism?

A．There is a wide variation.

B．There is a great decease.

C．There is an important finding.

D．There is an interesting contrast.

A Cross-cultural Phenomenon

There appears to be a great variation as to the treatment that older adults receive, ranging from extreme reverence and respect to abandonment and deprivation with a broad range of studies dealing with perceptions of old age. Most investigators report findings which support the view that attitudes toward the elderly were most favorable in primitive societies and decrease with increasing modernization to the point of generally negative view in industrialized Western nations. In other words, the more "civilized" the society is, the more likely they are to be ageist and maintain negative attitudes about the aged. Some examples may be helpful.

Men in the Middle East view old age as life's summit. Older men are viewed as having attained high status and prestige. In fact, the word "sheik" originally meant "old man". No mention is, however, made of women's status in old age in the Middle East. Women's status and power does increase in many cultures following menopause. It is stated that the old widow has great power in the Japanese family. Women in many small-scale traditional societies also enjoy an increase in status. Post-menopausal women in these societies usually experience greater sexual freedom, the right to participate in ritual, the right to participate in the political realm of the society, and a decrease in the amount of work required in the home. With regard to work, the older woman is expected to be leisured.

The cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards the aged may in part be due to different societal perspectives. Three of the factors hypothesized to contribute to the development of ageism are of relevance here. First, death is not viewed in Western society as a natural part of the life cycle. Those societies, which view life and death as a continuous process, exhibit fewer ageist attitudes. For example, fewer ageist attitudes are exhibited in Japan and the Middle East. Second, older individuals are viewed as productive in many small-scale traditional societies. In fact, they are often the power brokers within those societies. This can be compared with Western society where older adults are thought of as unproductive and therefore, negatively. Last, not all societies are youth oriented. Therefore, a higher value is placed on the later stages of adulthood.

What does the author mean by cross-cultural phenomenon concerning people's attitudes toward ageism?

A．There is a wide variation.

B．There is a great decease.

C．There is an important finding.

D．There is an interesting contrast.

听力原文： Most of us take our ability to listen for granted. In fact, we have different listening styles for different occasions. How successful we are as listeners may depend in part on choosing the right listening style. for the situation. Perhaps the most basic listening style. is appreciative listening. We listen appreciatively when we enjoy music, a bird's song or the murmur of the book. We need a different style, one called discriminative listening, when we want to single out one particular sound from a noisy environment. You discriminate, for example, when you listen for a friend's voice in a crowded room. We use a firm style. of listening, comprehensive listening, when we want to understand. When we listen to directions or instructions, we are using this style. The last listening style, critical listening, is the one we will examine most closely. Critical listeners are the most active of all listeners, and critical listening, the most helpful. Critical listeners evaluate what they hear, and decide if another person's message is logical, worthwhile or has value. We need to be critical listeners when someone wants us to buy something, vote a certain way or support a particular idea. We also need to be critical listeners in school where we are supposed to listen and think at the same time.

(35)

A．We should not take our ability to listen for granted.

B．We should have the right listening style. for a particular situation.

C．We should try different listening styles one after another.

D．We should be faithful to one listening style. all the time.

In the new century, the Asia-Pacific economic development is faced with both opportunities and challenges. The region-wide and world economic slowdown and particularly the September 11 attacks have added to the difficulties and uncertainties of our regional economy. Having said that, I wish to stress that in the long run, the Asia-Pacific economic prospect is broad and bright. As long as we seize the opportunities brought by economic globalization and scientific and technological revolution, stick to open regionalism, enhance regional cooperation and adopt strong macro-economic measures to speed up restructuring, we will be able to overcome difficulties and open up new dimensions for growth and prosperity in our region. China cannot develop in isolation of the world, and the world cannot achieve global prosperity without the development of China. China is an important member of the Asia- Pacific and international community. Over the past 20 years, China has maintained a sustained, rapid and healthy economic development. An all-directional opening-up pattern is basically up and running. In the new century, we will continue to adhere to our independent foreign policy of peace, which is aimed at promoting world peace and stability, common growth and prosperity. We will continue to develop friendly relations and cooperation with the rest of the world on the basis of equality, reciprocity and mutual benefit. And we will continue to pursue the policy of opening-up, deepen the reform and devote ourselves to economic development. China’s economy will converge with that of the world faster with more solid strides. 13. What happens to the Asia-Pacific economic development in the new century?

A、It is faced with both opportunities and challenges.

B、It comes across with a lot of serious problems.

C、It develops smoothly and rapidly.

D、It opens up new dimensions for growth and prosperity.

Much of the research on hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD has focused on the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chemical that when released from a presynaptic serotonin-secreting neuron causes the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse to an adjacent postsynaptic, or target, neuron. There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels.

Early investigators correctly reasoned that the structural similarity to the serotonin molecule might imply that LSD' s effects arc brought about by an action on the neurotransmission of serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, the level of technical expertise in the field of brain research was such that this hypothesis had to be tested or, peripheral tissue ( tissue outside the brain). Two different groups of scientists reported than LSD powerfully blockaded serotonin' s action, their conclusions were quickly challenged, however. We now know that the action of a drug at one site in the body does not necessarily correspond to the drug' s action at another site, especially when one site is in the brain and the other is not.

By the 1960' s technical advances permitted the direct testing of the hypothesis that LSD and related hallucinogens act by directly suppressing the activity of serotonin secreting neurons themselves—the so called presynaptic hypothesis. Researchers reasoned that if the hallucinogenic drags act by suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons, then drugs administered after these neurons had been destroyed should have no effect on behavior, because the system would already be maximally suppressed. Contrary to their expectations, neuron destruction enhanced the effect of LSD and related hallucinogens on behavior. Thus hallucinogenic drugs apparently do not act directly on serotonin-secreting neurons.

However, these and other available data do support an alternative hypothesis, that LSD and related drugs act directly at receptor sites on serotonin target neurons (the postsynaptic hypothesis). The fact that LSD elicits "serotonin syndrome", that is, causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the administration of serotonin in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through the release of stores of serotonin. The enhanced effect of LSD reported after serotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of serotonin receptor sites on serotonin target neurons. This phenomenon often follows neuron destruction or neurotransmitter depletion; the increase in the number of receptor sites appears to be a compensatory response to decreased input. Significantly, this hypothesis is supported by number of different laboratories

According to the passage, which of the following is one of the primary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on serotonin?

A．The suppression of the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons by the administration of hallucinogens.

B．The observed similarities in the chemical structures of serotonin and hallucinogens.

C．The effects the administration of hallucinogens has on serotonin production in the human brain.

D．Serotonin-induced changes in the effects of hallucinogens on behavior.

In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but, because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel. Compulsory postmortem examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting, is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.

There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purpose should not also be acceptable to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal: the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative (抢救的) efforts of the potential donor.

Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.

According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantation.

B．The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal does not prove to be always feasible.

C．It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death.

D．In some countries there are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime.

听力原文： Tens of thousands of people gathered below the Union Buildings to celebrate South Africa's trans formation. On the stage, black and white musicians performed side by side. The loudest cheer was for Nelson Mandela, who steered this country away from the abyss. There was applause for Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, a man reviled by white South Africans but seen by some in the black majority as a freedom fighter. President Thabo Mbeki said South Africa still faces huge challenges.

"Endemic and widespread poverty continues to disfigure the face of our country. It will always be impossible for us to say that we've fully restored the dignity of all our people as long as this situation persists. For this mason, the struggle to eradicate poverty has been and will continue to be a central part of the national effort to build a new South Africa."

Who enjoys the most popularity in the people of South Africa?

A．Nelson Mandela.

B．Robert Mugabe.

C．Thabo Mbeki.

D．The president.