United States advertising agencies are increasingly using interviews at shopping malls, ca

ractual rate of interest less the rate of inflation. But what rate of inflation to use, past or expected? Past inflation is the better choice, because we have specific firm figures for it so that the real rate of interest will also emerge as a specific figure. Which of the following, if true, is the strongest point that an opponent of the position above might make in arguing that the rate of expected inflation is the proper figure to use?

A．Since the contractual interest is future income to a prospective lender, it is more appropriate to adjust that income in terms of inflation expected for the future.

B．Since estimating the rate of expected inflation presupposes careful economic analysis, lenders might derive coincidental benefits from doing such an estimate.

C．The rate of expected inflation will differ little from the rate of past inflation when inflation is steady.

D．No official rate of past inflation is computed for any period shorter than a month.

E．The official rate of past inflation is a figure that depends on what commodities, in what proportions, determine the official price index.

de 100 percent of the recommended daily requirement of vitamins. Nevertheless, a well-balanced breakfast, including a variety of foods, is a better source of those vitamins than are such fortified breakfast cereals alone. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the position above?

A.In many foods, the natural combination of vitamins with other nutrients makes those vitamins more usable by the body than are vitamins added in vitamin supplements.

B.People who regularly eat cereals fortified with vitamin supplements sometimes neglect to eat the foods in which the vitamins occur naturally.

C.Foods often must be fortified with vitamin supplements because naturally occurring vitamins are removed during processing.

D.Unprocessed cereals are naturally high in several of the vitamins that are usually added to fortified breakfast cereals.

E.Cereals containing vitamin supplements are no harder to digest than similar cereals without added vitamins.

ce increased each year between 1965 and 19The reason for the increase is that high-speed racing drivers were living longer than their predecessors. Race-car safety features that reduced the severity of crashes of the kind that formerly took drivers lives were primarily responsible for the increase in the average age of the Indianapolis 500 competitors. Which of the following, if true, would be most likely to be part of the evidence used to show that safety features on the cars that protected drivers in major crashes were responsible for the increase in the average age of drivers at the Indianapolis race?

A．Younger drivers at high-speed racetracks were involved in major accidents at a slightly higher rate than were older drivers between 1965 and 1980.

B．Major accidents on high-speed racetracks occurred at about the same frequency in the years after 1965 as in the years before 1965.

C．The average age of drivers attempting to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 decreased slightly between 1965 and 1980.

D．Accidents on highways in the United States occurred at about the same frequency in the years after 1965 as in the years before 1965.

E．Other safety features, involving the condition of the racetrack and the uniforms worn by the drivers while driving, were adopted at Indianapolis between 1965 and 1980.

, locate, and catch their prey. However, it is claimed that the characteristic efficiency of this process is reduced by moths able to hear the sounds emitted by insect-eating bats. Which of the following statements, if true, best supports the claim above?

A．Those moths that cannot hear the sounds emitted by insect-eating bats live longer on the average than those that can hear such sounds when both kinds of moth are in an environment continuously free of such bats.

B．Those moth species that cannot hear the sounds emitted by insect-eating bats are among the species of insects that are most likely to be caught by such bats.

C．When a moth changes its speed or direction of flight, there is a change in the sound pattern generated by the moth"s wing movements.

D．Moth species that can hear the sounds emitted by insect-eating bats are less likely to be caught by such bats than are moth species that cannot hear these sounds.

E．Moths that are capable of hearing the sounds emitted by insect-eating bats differ in their abilities to use evasive action to escape capture by such bats.

iety. This sickness denies many parents control over the kind of education their children receive. The power once held by parents has gravitated to professional educators. The sickness has been aggravated by increasing centralization and bureaucratization of schools. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the claim that there is continuing erosion of parents control over their childrens education?

A．As a result of community pressure, growing numbers of school administrators follow recommendations made by parents.

B．The number of professional educators has risen sharply over the last decade even though the number of students has declined.

C．Parents" organizations that lobby for changes in school curriculums are generally ineffectual.

D．More members of school boards are appointed by school administrators than are elected by the public.

E．The use of state-wide curriculum programs increased in the Untied States during the past two decades.

udes, the body has more red blood cells per unit volume of blood than at sea level. The red blood cells transport oxygen, which will improve performance if available in greater amounts. The blood of an athlete who trains at high altitudes will transport more oxygen per unit volume of blood, improving the athletes performance. Which of the following, if true, would be most damaging to the argument above, provided that the athletes heart rate is the same at high and low altitudes?

A．Scientists have found that an athlete"s heart requires a period of time to adjust to working at high altitudes.

B．Scientists have found that the body" s total volume of blood declines by as much as 25 percent at high altitudes.

C．Middle-distance runners who train at high altitudes sometimes lose races to middle-distance runners who train at sea level.

D．The performances of athletes in competitions at all altitudes have improved markedly during the past twenty years.

E．At altitudes above 5,500 feet, middle-distance runners often better their sea-level running times by several seconds .

determined by a pricing method called "historical costing." Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous years contractual price. Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?

A．The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.

B．The rate of inflation has varied considerably over the past twenty years.

C．The contractual price will be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.

D．Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.

E．The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative weapons.

rstood in its own terms, and they wonder why the Western world took so long to see the folly of regarding children simply as small, inadequately socialized adults. Most psychologists, however, persist in regarding people 70 to 90 years old as though they were 35 years old who just happen to have white hair and extra leisure time. But old age is as fundamentally different from young adulthood and middle age as childhood is—a fact attested to by the organization of modern social and economic life. Surely it is time, therefore, to acknowledge that serious research into the unique psychology of advanced age has become indispensable. Which one of the following principles, if established, would provide the strongest backing for the argument?

A.Whenever current psychological practice conflicts with traditional attitudes toward people, those traditional attitudes should be changed to bring them in line with current psychological practice.

B.Whenever two groups of people are so related to each other that any member of the second group must previously have been a member of the first, people in the first group should not be regarded simply as deviant members of the second group.

C.Whenever most practitioners of a given discipline approach a particular problem in the same way, that uniformity is good evidence that all similar problems should also be approached in that way.

D.Whenever a society"s economic life is so organized that two distinct times of life are treated as being fundamentally different from one another, each time of life can be understood only in terms of its own distinct psychology.

E.Whenever psychologists agree that a single psychology is inedeuate ior two distant age groups, they should be prepared to show that there are greater differences between the two age groups than there are between individuals in the same age group.

during the past decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms. Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argument EXCEPT:

A．Urban populations have doubled in the past decade.

B．Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years.

C．Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen.

D．By tem|X)rarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures.

E．Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment.

reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year. The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change. Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazines plan is instituted. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazines profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted?

A．With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.

B．The majority of the magazine"s subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine"s articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.

C．Many of the magazine"s long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.

D．Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.

E．Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.