SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEDirections: Translate ...

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Chinese leaders believe it is necessary to hold the nation together, to keep it growing, to keep moving toward its destiny. China's economic growth has made it more and more dependent on the outside world for investment, markets, and energy. Computers and the Internet, fax machines and photocopiers, modems and satellites all increase the exposure to people, ideas, and the world beyond China's borders. The effect is only just beginning to be felt. Indeed, greater openness is profoundly in China's own interest. If welcomed, it will speed economic growth, enhance the world influence of China and stabilize society. Without the full freedom to think, question, create, China will be at a distinct disadvantage, competing with fully open societies in the Information Age where the greatest source of national wealth is what resides in the human mind.

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What is globalization? The short answer is that globalization is the integration of everything with everything else. A more complete definition is that globalization is the integration of markets, finance, and technology in a way that shrinks the world from a size medium to a size small. Globalization enables each of us. wherever we live, to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before and at the same time allows the world to reach into each of us farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before.

I believe this process is almost entirely driven by technology. There's a concept in strategic theory, stating that capabilities create intentions. In other words, if you give people B-52s, they will find ways to use them. This concept is quite useful when thinking about globalization, too. If I have a cell phone that can call around the world at zero marginal cost to 180 different countries, I will indeed call around the world to 180 different countries. If I have Internet access and can do business online, a business in which my suppliers, customers, and competitors are all global, then I will be global, too. And I will be global whether there is a World Trade Organization agreement or not.

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Social Set

Some of my older, more sophisticated friends find television much more of a social experience than, say, going to a Broadway play or to movies. While no talking is allowed in the theater, social television encourages interaction between audience and set, and among the audience. The viewers can guess at the dialogue and plot of dramas, editorialize on the news, predict the Oscar winners, or single out from the semifinalists the next Miss America. It can be much more fun to talk back to the set than to sit silently in a darkened theater ( the product on the screen being equal, naturally).

I am not claiming that social television has brought back the wit and brilliance of the salon to American homes. Social television can't replace real conversation or teter-a-tetes or a good book or a blazing fireplace or solitary thought.

Television has proved, on the whole, to be a good guest in the house, especially when it is not invited to perform. too often. Most of our work and much of our play forces us, as individuals, into specialized rules. Even our reading materials have become like private languages-father is down at the Wall Street Journal or looking into his Fortune; mother can be found or may be lost, in The Women's Room; the college kids are like a Rolling Stone.

Television can be a national tongue. At its best, television can provide a common basis for experience, maybe a few laughs, some information and insight, perhaps the chance to engage one's intelligence and imagination. In these days of runaway prices, inflated mediocrities, and deflated hopes in our public lives, that's not a bad record. Television has a standing invitation to come to my place.

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Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business.

For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.

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Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should bed rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence, and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.

Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don't pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them.

Winners do not play "helpless", nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.

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Good manners are the art of making those easy with whom we converse. Whoever makes the fewest persons uneasy is the best bred in the company.

As the best law is founded upon reason, so are the best manners. And as some lawyers have introduced unreasonable things into common law, so likewise many teachers have introduced absurd things into common good manners.

One principal point of this art is to suit our behaviour to the three several degrees of men; our superiors, our equals, and those below us. For instance, to press either of the two former to eat or drink is a breach of manners; but a farmer or a tradesman must be thus treated, or else it will be difficult to persuade them that they are welcome. Pride, iii nature, and want of sense, are the three great sources of iii manners; without some one of these defects, no man will behave himself iii for want of experience; or of what, in the language of fools, is called knowing the world. I defy any one to assign an incident wherein reason will not direct us what we are to say or do in company, if we are not misled by pride or nature.

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A person, like a commodity, needs packaging. But going too far is absolutely undesirable. A little exaggeration, however, does no harm when it shows the person' s unique qualities to their advantages. To display personal charm in a casual and natural way, it is important for one to have a clear knowledge of one self. A master packager knows how to integrate art and nature without any traces of embellishment, so that the person so packaged is no commodity but a human being, lively and lovely.

A young person, especially a female, radiant with beauty and full of life, has all the favor granted by God. Any attempt to make up would be self- defeating. Youth, however, comes and goes in a moment of doze. Packaging for the middle - aged is primarily to conceal the furrows ploughed by time. If you still en joy life' s exuberance enough to retain self - confidence and pursue pioneering work, you are unique in your natural qualities, and your charm and grace will remain. Elderly people are beautiful if their river of life has been, through plains, mountains and jungles, running its course as it should. You have really lived your life which now arrives at a complacent stage of serenity, indifferent to fame or wealth. There is no need to resort to hair - dyeing--the snow - capped mountain is itself a beautiful scene of fairyland. Let your looks change from young to old synchronizing with the natural ageing process so as to keep in harmony with nature, for harmony itself is beauty, while the other way round will only end in unpleasantness. To be in the elder' s company is like reading a thick book of deluxe edition that fascinates one so much as to be reluctant to part with.

As long as one finds where one stands, one knows how to package oneself, just as a commodity establishes its brand by the right packaging.

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Although no complete cure was ever found for people who had contracted the disease, a method of protecting people against catching it was discovered in 1796 by a doctor named Edward Jenner. He found that if he vaccinated people with the germs of a disease called cowpox (similar to smallpox but not nearly as dangerous), their bodies would develop an immunity which would prevent them from catching smallpox. This was a major step forward but did not lead to a dramatic decline in the spread of the disease throughout the world. Medical ideas spread slowly, communications were poor, the virus for vaccinations had to be developed carefully and there was resistance to the idea of vaccination. Even England, where vaccination had been discovered, suffered smallpox epidemics in 1893 and 1902. It was not until the 20th century that some countries began to overcome the disease by using improved vaccination viruses and better medical techniques. But then, as rapid air travel became possible, the problem worsened for travelers could swiftly carry the disease from country to country.

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Finally, the fourth, or adjustment, phase occurs when you feel that you function weal and almost automatically in tile new culture. You no longer need to make mental conversions of tile country’s money ;you know where services are located and how to use them; you understand some of the customs that accompany ordinary life, and it is relatively easy for you to adjust to them. A greater enjoyment of the new experience is now possible, and you may regain some of the initial positive regard you had in the honeymoon stage. If you stay long enough un a visit from a big city to a small town, or, the other way round, you may2 become so well adapted to the new environment that when you return to your original home, you will again experience culture shock. For some people, it may take several days to readjust, depending on the length of time they were away. Usual ]y, however, since you are in your home culture, your shock wears off faster than the shock that you experienced in the new culture.

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Politics and English

In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things like the continuance of British role in India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus, political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. Defenseless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: this is called pacification. Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called transfer of population or rectification of frontiers. People are imprisoned for years without trial, or shot in the back of the neck or sent to die of scurvy in Arctic lumber camps: this is called elimination of unreliable elements. Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them.

The inflated style. is itself a kind of euphemism. A mass of latin words falls upon the facts like soft snow, blurring the outlines and covering up all the details. The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, such as "keeping out of politics:. All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred. When the general atmosphere is bad, language must suffer.