Read the following mini case and answer the questi...

Read the following sentences and answer the question below. Taking time off from work is crucial for avoiding stress and depression, and their potential consequences.Graduate students and postdocs, who may equate 'working longer' with 'working better', are particularly prone to working themselves into the ground, says Simon Davy, head of the School of Biological Sciences at the Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. Davy, who since his days as a PhD student has vowed not to work on Saturdays, says that he sees students slide easily into working seven-day weeks. Question: What does the author mean by saying "working themselves into the ground "?

A、To exhaust themselves.

B、To lie on the ground.

C、To sleep in the lab.

D、To work from morning till night.

Read the following letter and choose the correct answer from the four choices. Dear Manager, Much to my regret, I write this letter to place a complaint against your bad delivery service of your company.The Samsung tape recorder model number JB/4703 that I ordered from your company on Nov. 1, arrived yesterday. The serial number of the machine is 4703 -0641. I am sorry to report that the recorder has been badly damaged. There was no unusual damage to the packing case, but when I opened it, I found that the lid of the recorder had been cracked（破裂）and that the front surface of the machine had been scratched(刮擦). Since there was such damage to the goods, I decided to file a complaint against the delivery service. Would you please let me know whether I should return the recorder to you for a replacement or if you have an authorized service representative here to which I should take it? I will hold on to this recorder until I hear from you. Sincerely yours Jonathan Edward The letter above is a letter of ______________________.

A、apology

B、invitation

C、complaint

D、thank-you

25-32. Read the following research paper and answer the questions. (Notes: The numbers in the brackets are in-text citations. References are omitted) Frequency of self-weighing and weight loss outcomes within a brief lifestyle intervention targeting emerging adults 1 Introduction More than 40% of 18–25 year old in the U.S. meet criteria for overweight or obesity, (1) placing them at increased cardiometabolic risk (2). This developmental period is associated with numerous life transitions (e.g. living independently, balancing work and school) as well as unhealthy weight-related behaviour (e.g. declines in physical activity, increased consumption of fast food, poor sleep) that contribute to weight gain and obesity during these years (3). Moreover, data indicate that this age group is all but absent from standard adult behavioural weight loss trials, representing less than 1% of enrolled participants (4). Researchers have called for programs targeting this unique transition from adolescence into early adulthood, (5) including those specific to weight loss (6). Our formative data suggest that to effectively engage this population, lifestyle interventions must be brief, with minimal in-person contact, content tailored specifically to 18–25 year old, and importantly, that programs must promote autonomy and allow for choice in behavioural goals (7,8). Thus, it remains a challenge how best to adapt evidence-based programs in a way that will appeal to this population and can produce clinically significant weight losses through such a low touch program while still affording participants choice surrounding behavioural goals as opposed to providing prescriptions. Frequent self-weighing may represent a simple self- regulation tool that can be used to promote clinically significant weight loss within a brief, reduced-intensity lifestyle intervention targeting emerging adults. In adults, frequent self-weighing has been associated with weight gain prevention, (9) weight loss (9–12) and weight loss maintenance (12–14) and is not associated with unhealthy weight control practices or worsening of psycho- logical symptoms (11,15,16). Less is known about the effects of frequent self-weighing among young adults; some studies have reported associations between self- weighing and negative psychological symptoms (17), while others indicate that frequent self-weighing might be part of a constellation of healthy weight-related behaviour (18). Importantly, data suggest that within the context of a lifestyle intervention targeting young adults 21–35 years of age, frequent self-weighing was not associated with increased depressive symptoms, disordered eating or body satisfaction and was associated with better weight loss (19) Further, several studies have examined self-weighing within the context of weight gain prevention efforts targeting first year college students (20–23); and data indicate high adherence and accept- ability of self-weighing (22). Impact on prevention of weight gain has been mixed with some studies reporting benefits of daily self-weighing within minimal weight gain prevention interventions (20,23), while others have noted benefits only within the context of a more comprehensive online healthy lifestyle program (21). In these studies, frequent self-weighing has not been associated with adverse psychological outcomes (21,22). Of note, these previous studies were conducted within the context of weight gain prevention and focused exclusively on college students. To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the relationship between frequent self-weighing and weight loss in a behavioural weight loss program targeting a broader sample of emerging adults. Thus, the primary aim of this paper is to examine the frequency of self-weighing among a racially diverse sample of emerging adults between 18 and 25 years enrolled in a brief lifestyle intervention, and to examine the association between frequent self-weighing and weight loss. 2 Methods 2.1 Intervention description These secondary analyses were conducted using data from a 3-month behavioural lifestyle intervention, SPARK RVA. The primary findings have been reported elsewhere (15), but in short, the aim of the original study was to examine the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of three approaches to promote engagement and weight loss in this age group. Mode of delivery differed: face-to-face, web and hybrid (web lessons plus optional in-person classes), as did the relative emphasis on promoting autonomy. Across all arms, evidence of the benefits of regular self-weighing was presented to participants, but explicit self-weighing prescriptions were not provided. Instead, participants were encouraged to weigh themselves at least weekly and no more than once per day, but were allowed to choose their own target. 2.2 Recruitment and participants SPARK RVA was advertised via web and print advertisements, radio spots and email blasts throughout the Richmond, VA area. Interested individuals were directed to a study recruitment website, where they could review study details and if interested, were able to complete a secure survey in order to determine eligibility. Inclusion criteria were ages 18–25 and BMI 25–45 kg/m; exclusion criteria were physical or mental health conditions that pose a safety concern or are associated with unintentional weight change, recent (i.e. within the past 6 months) pregnancy and recent >5% weight loss. Participants (N = 52) were mostly female (79%), and the sample was diverse (54% racial/ethnic minority) with a mean age of 22.3 (2.0) and mean BMI of 34.2 (5.4). 2.3 Measures Anthropometrics Measures of weight (kg) and height (cm) were taken by masked research assistants using standard protocols at baseline and post-treatment (3 months). Frequency of self-weighing At all assessment points, participants responded to the following question: ‘During the past month, how often did you weigh yourself?’ Response options are (i) several times a day; (ii) once a day; (iii) several times a week; (iv) once a week; (v) less than once a week; (vi) less than once a month; and (vii) never. 2.4 Statistical analyses Data were collapsed across treatment arms and con- ducted with completers (retention > 80%). There were no baseline differences on weighing frequency for those participants who were retained vs. not. Generalized linear modeling was used to examine change in frequency of self-weighing over time as well as to compare weight loss at post-treatment for those who reported frequent self-weighing (i.e. several times per week or more) vs. those who reported weighing less frequently (once a week or less). Subsequent analyses were conducted in which participants were categorized according to their change in weighing frequency from baseline to 3 months (i.e. increasers, stable and decreasers). Chi-square analyses were conducted to examine categorical variables (e.g. achieving a 5% weight loss). Treatment arm, gender and race were included as covariates in all analyses; those analyses examining weight change in kilogram also included baseline weight as a covariate. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22. 3 Results At baseline, a majority of participants (64.5%) reported self-weighing less than once a week, with only 15.4% weighing once per week and 21.1% reporting frequent self-weighing defined as at least several times per week. Self-weighing increased over the 3-month treatment program (p < 0.001); at post-treatment only 19% of participants reported self-weighing less than once per week, whereas 42.9% of participants reported self-weighing weekly and 38.2% of participants reported self-weighing several times per week or more (Table 1). Increase in frequency of self-weighing from baseline to post-treatment was associated with greater weight loss (β =-0.433, t = -3.02 and p = 0.01). Further, participants who reported frequent self-weighing (i.e. several time per week or more) at post-treatment achieved greater weight losses than those weighing weekly or less (p = 0.03, Figure 1). In addition, participants who endorsed frequent self- weighing were more likely to achieve a clinically significant (i.e. 5% of baseline weight) weight loss (p = 0.01). Finally, when participants were grouped according to change in weighing frequency (increasers, stable and decreasers), those who increased their frequency of self-weighing experienced the greatest weight loss relative to those who remained at the same frequency of weighing or decreased frequency of weighing, although this effect only approached statistical significance (—4.9+ 4.2 kg, —2.3 + 3.5 kg, and —0.92 + 2.2 kg, p = 0.06).4 Discussion In a brief lifestyle intervention specifically designed for 18–25 year old with overweight or obesity, frequent self- weighing was associated with greater weight loss at post-treatment. These results are consistent with findings among other adults (9–12) and suggest that frequent self- weighing may be an important factor in weight control among this population as well. Of note, no prescriptions were given in the current study – rather, consistent with our formative data, evidence was presented about the benefits of self-weighing and participants were allowed to select the target they felt was best suited for them in order to promote autonomy. In light of the current findings and previous data demonstrating the benefits of more frequent self-weighing (9–14), future studies should consider providing this population with a forced choice between frequent self-weighing (i.e. >several times per week) and daily self-weighing to promote optimal weight management while still allowing for choice in behavioural targets. Indeed, frequent self-weighing might be a particularly valuable self-regulation tool for this age group given evidence to suggest dietary self-monitoring is a substantial challenge in this population (8); thus, the scale serving as an error detector might serve to enhance overall self- regulation of energy balance behaviour and weight loss in this high-risk age group. Limitations of this secondary analysis include a limited sample size, lack of an assessment of psychological variables such as depression and disordered eating, and collapsing across treatment arms; further, within the trial from which these data are drawn, participants were not randomized to different self-weighing prescriptions, limiting the inferences that can be drawn regarding causality. Of note, many previous studies have demonstrated a lack of adverse psychological outcomes associated with frequent self-weighing in adults (11,15,16), as well as first-year college students (22) and a broader sample of young adults (19); nevertheless, future studies should explore the effects of frequent self-weighing on psychological variables including depressive symptoms and disordered eating within the context of a weight loss intervention targeting this specific age group. Strengths of the current study include a diverse sample including 54% racial/ethnic minorities, and the fact that this is the first study to examine the relationship between self-weighing and weight loss within a sample of treatment-seeking, overweight/obese 18–25 years old. Findings suggest that frequent self-weighing is associated with better weight loss outcomes among a racially diverse same of 18–25 years old enrolled in a brief lifestyle intervention. References (Omitted) 25. What is the topic of the research?

A、Relationship between frequency of self-weighing and weight loss

B、A brief lifestyle intervention targeting emerging adults

C、Criteria for overweight or obesity

D、Unhealthy weight-related behaviour

Read the following analytical paragraphs, and decide which method is used to develop each paragraph. Fill in the black with A, B, C, D or E. A. classification B. compare and contrast C. process analysis D. cause and effect E. problem and solution 1. Eating in is often regarded as a good method of saving time, energy and money, but this may not necessarily be so. The cost of eating in, in terms of groceries needed for nutritious yet appealing meals, is on the rise; whereas, the cost of an economical, yet balanced meal out-on-the-town has risen very little over the past few years.

I. Read the following 6 short passages, and do the True and False based on each passage. 1. Physical proximity is important mainly in relation to intimacy and dominance. The normal degree of proximity varies between cultures and every species of animal has its characteristic social distance. 2. Orientation signals interpersonal attitudes. If person A is sitting at a table, B can sit in several different places. If he is told that the situation is cooperative he will probably sit at next to A; if he is told he is to compete, negotiate, sell something or interview A, he will sit opposite A; if he is told to have a discussion or conversation he usually chooses across the corner 3. Head-nods are a rather special kind of gesture, and have two distinctive roles. They act as reinforcers, i.e. they reward and encourage what has gone before, and can be used to make another talk more, for example. 4. Appearance. Many aspects of personal appearance are under voluntary control, and a great deal of effort is put into controlling them - clothes, hair and skin; other aspects can be modified to some extent by clothes and plastic surgery. 5. Non-linguistic aspects of speech. The same words may be said in quite different ways, conveying different emotional expressions, and even different meanings, as when “yes” is used as a polite way of saying “no”. (From a book by Michael Argyle titled The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour. It was published in London by Pelican in 1967 and this extract was from pages 36-37.) 1. ____ Physical proximity is important mainly in relation to intimacy and dominance.

回答题Part A

Direefions:

Read the following three texts~ Answer the questions on each text by choosing A， B， C or D.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.

Text 1

Nisaburo and I-Iiroko Ohata are unlike most Japanese couples their age. Sure， Hiroko， 58， is worried about her husband" s high blood pressure， while Nisaburo， 60， promises his wife that if she loses 18 pounds they"ll take a trip abroaD.What makes the Ohatas different is how they met， through a matchmaking organization for single seniors. "On the second date， he asked if I wanted to meet his family，" says Hiroko. "I took that as a proposal. " A little rushed， perhaps， but 17 years after his wife" s death， Nisaburo knew he" d found a new wife. The couple just celebrated four years of marital happiness last month.

In the past， people like Nisaburo and Hiroko might have chosen to live out their lives alone. But as Japan" s society ages， attitudes about love and remarriage late in life are changing. In 2006， according to government data， three times more men and nearly five times more women in their 60s and 70s married for at least the second time， compared with 20 years before.

Granted， change is slow. For this silver-haired population， the concept of "dating" is still masked by the term ocha nomi tomodachi （friends having tea together）. And older people often need help meeting I rospective mates. That" s where specialized matchmaking services such as Ai Senior——" Love Senior"——come in. When Shunichi Ikeda started the online service three years ago， he was surprised by how many visits he was getting from people in their 60s.I keda says that his clienls have an "American perspective" about the dating scene. And their

children are often very supportive， sometimes being the ones to register parents. "More older peo-ple are realizing that life is supposed to be enjoyable——not lonely，" says IkedA.About 17% of the matchmaking clients in Japan are over 50 years old， according to Ai Senior， and seniors" market share has more than doubled over the past three years. "For older， single men， even doing laundry or cooking is difficult，" says IkedA."They want to live with a woman. Likewise， it can be boring for women living alone. They want to provide for someone.

According to the writer， the Ohatas are different from most senior Japanese couples in that_______ 查看材料A.they remarried with the help of an agency

B.they decided to marry on the second date

C.the husband suffers from a health problem

D.the wife is concerned about losing weight

As is implied in the text， Nisaburo‘ s proposal on the second date might be considered______ 查看材料A.typical of single seniors

B.irresponsible to his family

C.a surprise to the woman

D.a decision made in haste

In Japan， the change in attitudes about remarriage results from an increase in______ 查看材料A.its population

B.single women

C.senior people

D.the divorced

According to Ai Senior， the matchmaking clients in Japan 查看材料A.admire the American lifestyle

B.are mostly under 50 years of age

C.share a vague term for "dating"

D.doubled over the past three years

According to Ikeda， more single seniors remarry in order to______ 查看材料A.live a longer life

B.solve financial problems

C.make their life enjoyable

D.support their children together

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

?For each Question 15-20, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.

"Harmonization" is a process of increasing the compatibility of accounting practices by setting limits on how much they vary. Harmonized standards are free of logical conflicts, and should improve the comparability of financial information from different countries.

Efforts to harmonize accounting standards began even before the creation of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in 1973. International accounting harmonization now is one of the most important issues facing securities regulators, stock exchanges, and those who prepare or use financial statements.

Harmonization and standardization are sometimes used interchangeably. But there is still a difference between them. Standardization normally means the imposition of a rigid and narrow set of rules, and may even apply a single standard or rule to all situations. Besides, standardization does not accommodate national differences and, therefore, is more difficult to implement internationally. Whereas harmonization is much more flexible and open. It does not take a one-size-fits-all approach, but accommodates national differences and has made a great of progress internationally in recent years. However, within accounting, these two words have almost become technical terms, and one cannot rely on the normal difference in their meanings. 'Harmonization' is a word that tends to be associated with the transnational legislation originating from the European Union while 'standardization' is a word that is often associated with the International Accounting Standard Committee.

The reasons that make national accounting standards desirable also apply internationally. Generally speaking, the reasons for harmonization are as follows: (1) It is important and necessary for investors and financial analysts to understand the financial statements of foreign companies whose shares they might wish to buy. They hope to make it quite sure that statements from different countries are reliable and comparable, or at least to be clear about the nature and magnitude of the differences. Besides, they also need confidence in the soundness of the auditing.

(2) The advantages of harmonization are very important for MNEs, because the great effort of financial accountants to prepare and consolidate financial statements would be much simplified if statements from all around the world were prepared according to the same standards. Besides, it would be much easier to prepare comparable internal information for the appraisal of the performance of subsidiaries in different countries. Further, many aspects of investment appraisal, performance evaluation, and other decision making uses of management accounting information would benefit from harmonization. Above all, the cost of capital should be reduced by reducing the risk for investors if accounting can be made more comparable and reliable.

(3) International accountancy firms can benefit from harmonization. They are in favour of harmonization because it is good for their large clients.

(4) Governments in developing countries might find it easier to understand and control the operations of MNEs if financial reporting were harmonized.

The most fundamental of obstacles to harmonization is the size of the present differences between the accounting practices of different countries. In previous Section 8.5 some main differences concerned with international accounting are discussed. Besides, there are several significant differences within the equity class, let alone between that class and the other. These differences go to the root of the reasons for the preparation of accounting information. Further, the dichotomy between shareholder/fair view pr

A．International Accounting Standard

B．International Accounting

C．International Accounting Harmonization

D．International Accounting Standard Committee

Read the following dialogue and try to till up the gaps with proper words, phrases, or sentences.

Adriana: I heard you're moving to New York.

Ryan: Yes. I've got an offer in upstate New York.

Adriana: Oh, that's great! But I'm going to【56】.

Ryan: Me, too. Let's keep【57】.

Adriana: Yeah.【58】to drop me a line when you settle down.

Ryan: Trust me.【59】. I'll keep you posted.

Adriana: You have my address?

Ryan: Well, I have your email address.

Adriana: All right! I【60】hearing from you soon. Good luck!

(57)

II. Read the following 6 short passages, and do the True (T) and False (F) based on each passage. 1. Bodily contact is of interest since it is the most primitive kind of social act, and is found in all animals. In addition to aggressive and sexual contacts there are various methods of influence, as when others are pushed, pulled or led. There are symbolic contacts, such as patting on the back, and-the various ways of shaking hands. 2. Bodily posture is another signal which is largely involuntary, but which can communicate important social signals. There are distinctive “superior” (or dominant) and “inferior” (or sub. missive) postures. 3. Gestures are movements of hands, feet or other parts of the body. Some are intended to communicate definite messages; others are involuntary social cues which may or may not be correctly interpreted by others. 4. Head-nods are a rather special kind of gesture, and have two distinctive roles. They act as reinforcers, i.e. they reward and encourage what has gone before, and can be used to make another talk more, for example. 5. Facial expression can be reduced to changes in eyes, brows, mouth, and so on. The face is an area which is used by animals to communicate emotions and attitudes to others; for humans it does not work so well since we control our facial expression, and may smile sweetly while seething within. (From a book by Michael Argyle titled The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour. It was published in London by Pelican in 1967 and this extract was from pages 36-37.) 1. ____ Symbolic contacts include patting on the back and shaking hands. 2. ____ Bodily posture is largely voluntary. 3. ____ Gestures are movements of the face. 4. ____ Head-nods indicate rewarding and encouraging what has gone before. 5. ____ Facial expression are movements of hands, feet or other parts of the body. Keys: