•Read the following article and the questions after the article.

•Read the following article and the questions after the article.

•For each Question 15-20, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.

"Harmonization" is a process of increasing the compatibility of accounting practices by setting limits on how much they vary. Harmonized standards are free of logical conflicts, and should improve the comparability of financial information from different countries.

Efforts to harmonize accounting standards began even before the creation of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in 1973. International accounting harmonization now is one of the most important issues facing securities regulators, stock exchanges, and those who prepare or use financial statements.

Harmonization and standardization are sometimes used interchangeably. But there is still a difference between them. Standardization normally means the imposition of a rigid and narrow set of rules, and may even apply a single standard or rule to all situations. Besides, standardization does not accommodate national differences and, therefore, is more difficult to implement internationally. Whereas harmonization is much more flexible and open. It does not take a one-size-fits-all approach, but accommodates national differences and has made a great of progress internationally in recent years. However, within accounting, these two words have almost become technical terms, and one cannot rely on the normal difference in their meanings. 'Harmonization' is a word that tends to be associated with the transnational legislation originating from the European Union while 'standardization' is a word that is often associated with the International Accounting Standard Committee.

The reasons that make national accounting standards desirable also apply internationally. Generally speaking, the reasons for harmonization are as follows: (1) It is important and necessary for investors and financial analysts to understand the financial statements of foreign companies whose shares they might wish to buy. They hope to make it quite sure that statements from different countries are reliable and comparable, or at least to be clear about the nature and magnitude of the differences. Besides, they also need confidence in the soundness of the auditing.

(2) The advantages of harmonization are very important for MNEs, because the great effort of financial accountants to prepare and consolidate financial statements would be much simplified if statements from all around the world were prepared according to the same standards. Besides, it would be much easier to prepare comparable internal information for the appraisal of the performance of subsidiaries in different countries. Further, many aspects of investment appraisal, performance evaluation, and other decision making uses of management accounting information would benefit from harmonization. Above all, the cost of capital should be reduced by reducing the risk for investors if accounting can be made more comparable and reliable.

(3) International accountancy firms can benefit from harmonization. They are in favour of harmonization because it is good for their large clients.

(4) Governments in developing countries might find it easier to understand and control the operations of MNEs if financial reporting were harmonized.

The most fundamental of obstacles to harmonization is the size of the present differences between the accounting practices of different countries. In previous Section 8.5 some main differences concerned with international accounting are discussed. Besides, there are several significant differences within the equity class, let alone between that class and the other. These differences go to the root of the reasons for the preparation of accounting information. Further, the dichotomy between shareholder/fair view pr

A．International Accounting Standard

B．International Accounting

C．International Accounting Harmonization

D．International Accounting Standard Committee

•Read the article below about teams and management and the questions on the opposite page.

•For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.

Creative teams and management

When Colgate launched its then revolutionary Colgate Gum Protection toothpaste in 1990, company executives were confident they had a hit on their hands. The toothpaste incorporated a groundbreaking antibacterial technology they thought was the biggest innovation since fluoride. But in the mouths after the toothpaste's six-country rollout, the product's market share reached a meager 1% -- one fifth of the company's projections.

What went wrong? A new round of market research found that the original launch strategy mural the "breakthrough" message, the ads positioned the new toothpaste as a line extension instead of a revolutionary advance, and the public just didn't buy the product's broad claims. Up to this point, Colgate's president, Bill Shanahan, had attended only quarterly review meetings, now he rolled up his sleeves to rescue the product, establishing a worldwide marketing team and meeting regularly with global business vice president Kathleen Thornhill and CEO Reuben Mark to follow the team's progress.

Shanahan and others at the very top sifted through the research and took pat in the advertising development meetings, working elbow to elbow with the marketing team. Renamed Colgate Total, and promoted with a retooled ad campaign that stressed the toothpaste's 12-hour protection, the product was a hit in most of the 103 countries outside the United States.

Shanahan continued to lavish personal attention on the product, putting Colgate Total under the direct supervision of Jack Haber, then worldwide director of consumer oral care products, and committing $35 million and a team of 200 employees to the project. With that kind of senior-level backing, Haber pulled out the stops, spending $20 million to promote Colgate Total to U.S. dentists alone. Within two months of its domestic launch in 1997, the product captured 10.5% of the U.S. toothpaste market and within six months muscled perennial champ, Procter & Gamble's Crest, out of first place. Colgate Total has remained number one ever since.

What transforms a good product idea like Colgate Total into a blockbuster? We spent ten years studying more than 700 new product development teams and interviewed over 4130 project leaders, team members, senior executives, and CEOs intimately involved in product development and launch. Of the hundreds of teams we studied, just 7% of them -- 49 in all -- created products that scored a perfect ten on our measure of blockbuster success. To achieve that score, products had to reach or exceed company goals, customer expectations, profit and sales targets, garner company and industry awards, and attract national attention.

Products don't become blockbusters without the intense, personal involvement of senior management usually a CEO or division head. In every case studied, top management played an intimate, active, often daily role. This approach has been out of favor for decades, creative teams, the thinking goes, should be empowered by management and then left alone. Too much attention stifles innovation. To that we say "Baloney." Our work shows that, in the best case, management involvement should stat on day one. Ideally, senior managers work closely with the product team to establish must-have features and then help clear a path for the team. Top managers control resources, and they have the authority to allow the team to break rules and cut through red tape. And, crucially, senior managers serve as cheerleaders and visionaries, broadcasting a message of organizational commitment that

A．The results ran contrary to the company's expectation.

B．It achieved a great success.

C．It took a great portion of market share.

D．The new technology was not popular among customers.

Read the article below about business on line. For each question 31—40, write one word in Read the article below about business on line. For each question 31—40, write one word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet. INTERNET: A COST-EFFECTIVE WAY TO PROMOTE BUSINESS The Internet is changing the way people shop and purchase goods. It has created a new market WITH great opportunities for people running a small home-business and gives them a big advantage over the typical retail establishment. Before, if a customer wanted to buy a stereo for example, they had to jump into their car, go to a （）

Study the following picture carefully and write an article on deficiency of research ability among the postgraduate students. In your article, you should cover the following points: 1) interpret the meaning of the picture, 2) point out the causes, and 3) give your suggestions. You should write 160～200 words neatly.

?Choose the best word or phrase to fill each gap from A, B, C, or D on the opposite page.

?For each question 19--33, mark one letter (A, B, C, or D) on your Answer Sheet.

A Critical Concern in Merger and Acquisition Strategies

Mergers and acquisitions as growth strategies are once again in vogue. This business drama seems to be (19) by recent highly visible mergers between rich and famous players. Even speculation around a low ball offered by Comcast to acquire Disney seems to excite global (20) in corporate marriages.

However, like all such (21) , long-term success is rarely accomplished by a mere combination of cool stuff and know-how. In the midst of all the hype, a well documented fact is that most merger and acquisition activity rarely (22) the highly anticipated cooperation between companies. Throughout a merger or acquisition, people in an acquired company often (23) that they don't know what is happening, express fear about (24) their jobs, and feel demoralized as to the future of their contributions. Failed mergers that otherwise have a (25) strategic and financial fit are typically the (26) of the irretrievable loss of intangible, messy-to-measure, and difficult-to-implement human (27) on which the company's tangible assets ultimately (28) .

Traditional integration practices have been (29) around consolidating key resources, financial and physical assets, (30) names, and tradable endowments. The most forward-thinking integration strategies also capture key pieces of elusive core competencies, such as a/an (31) 's best practices, skills, knowledge bases, and routines. (32) excluded are critical root strategic assets, which can make or break a union that is otherwise "made in heaven". These root strategic assets (33) collaborative leadership, cultural cohesion and talent retention.

(19)

A．fueled

B．replaced

C．produced

D．directed

Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it.

The Changing Workweek

In the early 1900s in the U.S.A., workers in large industries worked long days and long weeks. It was not uncommon for workers in the meat-packing companies of Chicago, for example, to work twelve to fourteen hours, for six or seven days a week. As unions started exerting their influence, however, the working conditions of American workers began improving, and the workweek was gradually shortened. Today, workers have workweek opinions that were unheard of earlier in the last century.

The five day workweek has become commonplace in American industries. However, he four-day workweek is becoming even more popular. Mary workers prefer four tea-hour days. This gives them longer working days, but it also gives them three-day weekends, an unheard-of luxury even twenty years ago. Management isn’t complaining since the same amount of work gets accomplished, and in some cases a plant can be totally shut down on the fifth day, saving the company thousands of dollars in utilities.

Another change in the workweek is the variable hours option. While American workers have traditionally worked either day or night shifts, some companies are allowing workers to set their own hours within the workweek. Flexible schedules are becoming more common in metropolitan areas with commuter-time traffic problems and in industries that are open around the clock. The advantage to the workers is that they can plan their hours around the days of their families. For example, a husband who takes each afternoon off could babysit the children while his wife works. The variable hours schedule also motivates workers because the company is letting them control their own time.

A third change in the workweek over the past twenty years is the use of overtime. While most workers do not have to work beyond a forty-hour week, many companies will pay them time and a half to do so. Although this is more expensive for the company, it is still cheaper than having to hire additional workers and providing benefits. On traditional nonworking days such as holidays, workers are often paid double-time or more to work. Overtime pay allows companies to meet their production needs without exploiting the workers. It allows workers to make extra money at a higher rate than they normally work for. Although overtime work often represents a return to longer working days and weeks, it is done on a voluntary basis and is usually negotiated willingly by the workers.

What does the future hold for American workers? As modern technology turns more and more wok to machines, the typical workweek may continue to shrink. Some companies have already gone to the thirty-five-hour week, and in the 21st century, the thirty-five-hour week may be standard. Within twenty years, the great advantage to shorter workweeks is that workers have more time off to themselves. However, given the financial demands upon American families in the future, it may also become common for workers to hold down two full-time jobs at one time. Given the American work ethic, most workers will probably fill their free time with more work instead of more leisure.

Read the following letter written by a student and choose the appropriate answers to each of the following questions by applying the knowledge we learned in this unit. “老师您好,英语问题儿童Kate（）想向您请教一下大学英语的学习方法。从来到大学的这两次英语考试我的成绩都在70分左右,初高中时的英语成绩一直也都是靠疯狂做题刷起来的,而且我在上了高中之后就再也没有练过听力了。但是大学英语我觉得完全就是两种不一样的形式,刷题根本无法解决我现在的问题。这个暑假我也在听英语听力、说说口语之类的,但是一到真的让我用英语对话时我脑袋里一个单词都没有完全是空白的。因为从小英语就不好所以心里就会有无形的恐惧,虽然我一直在努力的克服但是到现在也没有成功,然后可能就逐渐的产生了抵触心理。现在我就特别迷茫,一个假期过去了我觉得做题的状态还是没有提升,六级阅读题根本就读不懂,听力也听不清楚。尽管我一直都相信我能学好英语,但是到现在还是没能找到一个适合我的方法,让英语在我的脑袋里成像。单词的发音和意思对不上号,听到发音无法在脑袋里形成单词,听一半就听不下去等等。请问老师您可以给我一点关于英语学习的建议吗 谢谢老师。”

Directions：Read the following passage and the statements that follow. Choose the best answer for each statement from the four choices marked A, B，C and D.

The Internet is an exciting tool that puts vast information at your fingertips. With a click of a mouse, it lets you buy an airline ticket, book a hotel, send flowers to a friend, or purchase your favorite stock.

Security on the Internet

Shopping online offers lots of benefits that you won’t find while shopping in a store or by mail. The Internet is always open—seven days a week, 24 hours a day—and bargains can be numerous online. Shopping on the Internet is no less safe than shopping in a store or by mail. Keep the following tips in mind to help ensure that your online shopping experience is a safe one.

EASY AS ABC

When exploring online, think ABC to remember the privacy and security questions you should ask about a company.

About me. What information does the company collect from me and is it secure?

Benefits. How does the company use that information and what is the benefit to me?

Choices. What choices do I have about the company’s use of information about me? Can I choose not to have the information used for other purposes, and how?

1.The real meaning behind “with the click of a mouse” may be ().

A.with the use of computer and internet

B.just the action of clicking the mouse

C.with the information

D.none of the above

2.Which of the following is the most efficient way to reduce age related memory loss()?

A.Eating more meat and doing more exercises.

B.Eating right foods and getting sufficient amounts of sleep

C.Taking more medicine and doing more exercises

D.Taking more herbs and eating more food

3.Most of his savings()in the Xin Hua Bank.

A.has been kept

B.is being kept

C.have kept

D.have been kept

4.By “permissive period in education” the author means a time().

A.when children are allowed to do what they wish to

B.when everything can be taught at school

C.when every child can be educated

D.when children are permitted to receive education

5.Jogging is the best way for stretching and relaxation and helps to reduce many diseases().

A.True

B.False

C.Not Mentioned

6.What is this passage mainly about()?

A.Shopping online safely

B.Differences between shopping online and in the store

C.Internet is convenient

D.Benefits of shopping online

7.We learn from the passage that the author’s mother used to lay emphasis on().

A.learning Latin

B.natural development

C.discipline

D.education at school

8. What’s the main idea of the text()?

A.Chinese fashion designer got start in the industry two decades ago

B.China has made a great difference in latest fashion

C.A small number of established Chinese designers have been in business for less than 10 years

D.The Chinese fashion world is constantly growing

9. The country had little interaction with the outside world, which meant all of the following but().

A.no fashion magazines

B.no designer labels

C.no events like China Fashion Week

D.no fashion designers

10.Jim is the only one of the staff members who()to be promoted.

A.are

B.have been

C.is

D.has been

11.The main idea of the passage is that().

A.parents should leave their children alone

B.kids should have more activities at school

C.it’s time to be more strict with our kids

D.parents should always set a good example to their kids

12.Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraph 2()?

A.It is shown that one area of the brain known as the hippocampus is important in recalling information

B.The process of creating memories has been already understood and it involves three main steps.

C.Scientists believed that neurons first transform. the sensory stimuli into images in our immediate memory

D.Scientists don’t know exactly how the information is transferred from one area of the brain to another

13.Outdoor learning helps students learn in science and arts().

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Doesn’t say

14.All that can be done().

A.has done

B.has been done

C.have done

D.have been done

15. What should we do in order to communicate with the foreigners in a proper way()?

A.Shake hands with them whenever you meet the foreigners

B.Be familiar with their culture and use it in a correct way

C.Say “Where are you going?” instead of “Hi, have you had your meal?” when meeting on the street

D.Say nothing to them if we meet them

16.By paragraph 2 we can see Istanbul is().

A.a leisure city

B.a busy city

C.a developed city

D.a developing city

17. According to the text, the following sentences are true except().

A.Chinese designers are looking to foreign countries to find retail success

B.China had little interaction with the outside world two decades ago

C.China has gone from a fashion black hole to an industry hub in twenty years

D.the future of Chinese fashion is bright

Directions: Read the following passage and the statements that follow. Choose the best answer for each statement from the three choices marked A, B and C.

Welcome to the Telfort Business Institute’s E280 Conversational English Class. The object of this course is to learn how to converse fluently and effectively in English. For the next eight weeks we will finely turn your skills in the act of debating and role-playing. We will also practice speech rhythm and diction with an emphasis on enunciation and specific speech problems encountered by those who are studying English as a foreign language.

Numerous discussions on a wide variety of subjects will be held, including topics of business, fiction, travel, differences between Western and Chinese culture, education and life experiences.

You will have ample opportunities to give oral presentations and voice your opinions on the various topics that we plan to cover. It is very important that you talk as much as you can. Don’t wait for your instructor to ask you to speak. If you have a question to ask, additionally, if you have any questions about anything your fellow students say, please feel free to ask.

1. The course of E280 is a conversational one().

A.True

B.False

C.Not Mentioned

2.Each boy and girl () given a gift on Christmas Day.

A.Is

B.Are

C.Were

D.was

Read the following passage and the statements that follow. Choose the best answer for each statement from the three choices marked A, B and C .

Outdoor Learning Environment

“How do they get the tomato on the vine(藤、蔓)?”

The question shocked Hillis. It reminded him of the time five years ago when he was volunteering at Beattie Elementary School in his daughter’s kindergarten classroom. He’d been reading the children a book about gardening.

“These kids had only seen vegetables in supermarkets,” he says. “I felt that something important was missing in their lives.”

So he went to work. Hillis and his wife, Sally, made the local government believe that it was necessary to create an outdoor learning environment. He and other volunteers raised more than 30,000 dollars to make such a project. The project was designed like the Platte River. Like the river, the school’s front walkway turns east to west, so they planted things along the walkway, such as native grasses which can be found along the river too.

Today, students are greeted every day by the cedar-mulched creation(雪松覆盖的表面), which spreads the length of three city blocks. In the back, there’s a garden, with twenty 1 ton rocks lying in the ground, where teachers hold classes.

The outdoor effort has changed things inside, too. For science, children plant seeds and, based upon each seed’s size and weight, guess how large a vegetable will grow to become. For arts and crafts, they collect fallen leaves and make designs out of them. Other science lessons make up a large part of the outdoor learning process. “No matter what time of the year it is,” Hillis says, “there’s always something going on.”

1.Hillis was a volunteer at Beatte Elementary School five years ago().

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Doesn’t say

2.Halloween was first celebrated by the()around the fifth century.

A.English

B.American

C.Irish

D.European

3. The purpose of this course is to make the students know various rules of English grammar().

A.True

B.False

C.Not Mentioned

4.Students can tell how large a tomato will grow to become according to the seed’s size().

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Doesn’t say

5.Craftsmen need knives and gravers of various types to make complicated patterns().

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Doesn’t say

6. Which of the following doesn’t belong to the western culture()?

A.Europe

B.North Africa

C.Asia

D.America

7. What is the author’s main idea in the text()?

A.Education can be purchased

B.The difference between education and schooling

C.Degree is worthless

D.Students should learn more important knowledge

8. The settlers also taught the Indians to penetrate the forest, to hunt large animals().

A.True

B.False

C.Not Mentioned

9.The passage is mainly about().

A.parts of the brain that store information

B.illness that results in serious memory loss

C.how human brains process, store and recall information

D.how to improve our memory

10.What do you think “ginseng and gingko” probably are()?

A.Plants

B.Animals

C.Food

D.Drinks

11.Halloween happened().

A.from October 31st to November 1st

B.on October 31st

C.on November 1st

D.between October 31st and November 1st

12. How many cultural differences does the author mention in the text()?

A.One

B.Two

C.Three

D.Four