Shortage of oxygen will probably lead to altitude illnesses of different levels to travelers and mountaineers.

In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers,to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. …… One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include,but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. …… The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series or categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. …… 问题：The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe did which of the following?

A、failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political and social elite

B、used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature

C、inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite

D、confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population

8. History of House of Lords Today's Parliament of the United Kingdom largely descends, in practice, from the Parliament of England, through the Treaty of Union of 1706 and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty in 1707 and created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland. The House of Lords developed from the "Great Council" (Magnum Concilium) that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, and representatives of the counties of England and Wales (afterwards, representatives of the boroughs as well). The first English Parliament is often considered to be the "Model Parliament" (held in 1295), which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined. For example, during much of the reign of Edward II (1307–1327), the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, but by an authoritative statute, passed by Parliament itself. During the reign of Edward II's successor, Edward III, Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers: the House of Commons (consisting of the shire and borough representatives) and the House of Lords (consisting of the bishops, abbots and peers). The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and during the early 15th century both Houses exercised powers to an extent not seen before. The Lords were far more powerful than the Commons because of the great influence of the great landowners and the prelates of the realm. The power of the nobility declined during the civil wars of the late 15th century, known as the Wars of the Roses. Much of the nobility was killed on the battlefield or executed for participation in the war, and many aristocratic estates were lost to the Crown. Moreover, feudalism was dying, and the feudal armies controlled by the barons became obsolete. Henry VII (1485–1509) clearly established the supremacy of the monarch, symbolised by the "Crown Imperial". The domination of the Sovereign continued to grow during the reigns of the Tudor monarchs in the 16th century. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547). The House of Lords remained more powerful than the House of Commons, but the Lower House continued to grow in influence, reaching a zenith in relation to the House of Lords during the middle 17th century. Conflicts between the King and the Parliament (for the most part, the House of Commons) ultimately led to the English Civil War during the 1640s. In 1649, after the defeat and execution of King Charles I, the Commonwealth of England was declared, but the nation was effectively under the overall control of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. The House of Lords was reduced to a largely powerless body, with Cromwell and his supporters in the Commons dominating the Government. On 19 March 1649, the House of Lords was abolished by an Act of Parliament, which declared that "The Commons of England [find] by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England." The House of Lords did not assemble again until the Convention Parliament met in 1660 and the monarchy was restored. It returned to its former position as the more powerful chamber of Parliament—a position it would occupy until the 19th century. 15. When was British Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers ?

A、During the reign of Edward II.

B、During the reign of Edward III.

C、During the reign of Henry VII.

D、During the reign of Henry VIII.

Distance learning is a program that allows students to take classes online. Online classes offer on-campus classes, with the convenience of working at home, and the flexibility of creating your own schedule. Anna attends her online class in her pajamas. She gets away with it because her classroom is in her home. Anna is a full-time student learning from distance, and full time mother. She likes the online option because of its flexibility. “I don’t have to sit in class with my two little ones in day care. Instead, I can jump online anytime I like during the day,” said Anna who is preparing for a nursing degree. “What I liked most was the fact that I didn’t have to travel to another place, and I could work at my own place,” she said in an e-mail. Online students must be organized. Self-discipline and motivation are also important. Diana is a math instructor who has been teaching online classes for five and a half years. She had students who participated from far way. Many are returning students who have been working. They are focused on their goals, and are comfortable working hard. Taking classes online can have some unexpected benefits. For instance, the need to communicate questions by e-mail compels students to become better written communicators. Also, you don’t have to worry about appearance. Michael, a current online student, said in an e-mail, “I can just roll out of bed and not worry about how messy my hair is.” Anna included not having to fight for parking or paying for gas as added tuition fee. Taking classes online does have some drawbacks. Students complain about the difficulties of communicating online. Instructors complain about the students’ ability to use digital media. Online classes can end up taking more time than on-campus versions. “An online student should expect to spend at least 15 hours a week working on their assignments,” said Diana the math teacher. The extra time is needed because students must clearly demonstrate understanding of the material through email and online quizzes.

11.__________is the most important feature of online or distance learning.

A. A hard-working and motivated student

B. Studying online from a computer anywhere

C. A good course book

D. Flexible timetable

12.Distance learning allows Anna __________.

A. to study her favorite subject

B. to understand how to be a full-time mother

C. to become a nurse

D. to work on her study at home while taking care of her children

13.Comparing with the traditional classroom learners, online learners have to be__________.

A. highly motivated

B. disciplined

C. well-organized

D. All of the above

14.In the following statements, which is NOT the advantage of distance learning?

A. You can learn from home, wherever your home is.

B. You don’t need to care about your appearance when attending the class.

C. You can meet and talk to a lot of nice people.

D. You can attend the class anytime of the day, totally depending on your timetable.

15.According to the text, what is the drawback of distance learning?

A. Online classes can sometimes be time-consuming.

B. You cannot wear your favorite clothes to classes.

C. There is no one answering your questions.

D. Distance learning gives you a comfortable place to work in.

A、a difference in pay due to nonmonetary characteristics of jobs.

B、an high wage paid by employers to entice workers to be more productive.

C、the difference between the quantity of labor supplied and the quantity of labor demanded at the minimum wage.

D、equivalent to a union wage.

More colleges 　　　 next yer for more students to get good eduction.will be set upB．will set upCMore colleges ____ next yer for more students to get good eduction.will be set up B．will set up C．re setting up D．were set up

A．will be set up

B．will set up

C．are setting up

D．were set up

A different and not mutually exclusive ___3___ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one ___4___ by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives ___5___ , people will simply become lazy and depressed. ___6___ , today’s unemployed don’t seem to be havinga great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year reort having depression, double the rate for ___7___ Americans. Also, some research suggests that the ___8___ for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting ___9___ poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many ___10___ the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.

But it doesn’t ___11___ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the ___12___ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the ___13___ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could ___14___ strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the ___15 ___of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.

These days, because leisure time is relatively ___16___ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional ___17___ of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel ___18___ ,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself ___19___ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for___ 20___ matters.

1________

A.boasting

B.denying

C.warning

D.ensuring

2A.inequality

B.instability

C.unreliability

D.uncertainty

6A.Instead

B.Indeed

C.Thus

D.Nevertheless

10A.leave behind

B.make up

C.worry about

D.set aside

14A.disturb

B.restore

C.exclude

D.yield

16A.tricky

B.lengthy

C.mysterious

D.scarce

18A.ignored

B.tired

C.confused

D.starved

20A.technological

B.professional

C.educational

D.interpersonal

3A.policy

B.guideline

C.resolution

D.prediction

5A.wisdom

B.meaning

C.glory

D.freedom

15A.model

B.practice

C.virtue

D.hardship

17A.demands

B.standards

C.qualities

D.threats

4A.characterized

B.divided

C.balanced

D.measured

8A.explanation

B.requirement

C.compensation

D.substitute

19A.off

B.against

C.behind

D.into

7A.rich

B.urban

C.working

D.educated

11A.statistically

B.occasionally

C.necessarily

D.economically

9A.under

B.beyond

C.alongside

D.among

13A.absence

B.height

C.face

D.course

12A.chances

B.downsides

C.benefits

D.principles