In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-in...

In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or3 per cent who comprised the political and social elite' the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the non-elite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt.

One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as" a point of entry into the mental world of the poor. "Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illustrated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.

The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the re cords does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite. We also know that the number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history Use of court records is to be preferred.

How is in the investigations carried out by historians in 1950s different from previous studies?

A．They had new findings.

B．They expanded the period defined as pre-industrial Europe.

C．They investigated the common people who took up the majority of the population.

D．The investigations were on the kings, generals ,judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates.

In the early 1950s the researchers who produced the first clad glass optical fibers were not thinking of using them for communications.【46】H______, fiber optics was already a well-established commercial technology when the famous paper by Kao and Hockham,【47】______ (claim) the use of low-loss optical fibers for communication, appeared in 1966. The first low-loss silica fiber was described in【48】______which appeared in October of 1970. The date of this publication is sometimes【49】______(cite) as the beginning of the era of fiber communication. Although this development did receive【50】______ (consider) attention in the research community at the time, it was far from inevitable that a major industry would evolve.

The technological barriers appeared formidable because there were serious doubts as to【51】 wh______these fiber components could ever be produced economically enough, but the market potential was very significant.【52】______(consequence) , research and development activity expanded rapidly, and a number of important issues were【53】re______during the early 1970s. During the middle and late 1970s, the rate of progress towards marketable products accelerated as the emphasis【54】______(shift) from research to engineering. Fibers with losses【55】app______the Rayleigh limit of 2 dB/km at a wavelength of 0. 8 μm were produced.

By 1980 improvement in component performance, cost, and reliability led to major commitments on the part of telephone companies.

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Text 1 Back in the early 1990s，I knew little about computers beyond what it took to get through a working day．But here’s what I did know：something huge was happenin9．It was stirring economies and imaginations and possibilities like nothing I had ever known．I knew the world was changing in ways that meant I shouldn’t count on old assumptions．And I knew I had dreams I still hadn’t fulfilled.But I didn’t know how to realize them until I met with my old friend，Rollys Rouse，when we happened to move into the same neighborhood．

Rolly often called me with a stream of ideas．His rate of idea production per second seemed al- most incredible．Soon we were on the phone with each other every day．Talking about the Internet． TalMng about starting a new online company-maybe together． He was then developing a plan and he wanted me to be a part of it：we would give people wonderful，whole electronic houses on a CD-ROM and let them modify those homes to their own needs．Try out different windows and doors，different paint colors and furnishings．When they were satisfied，we would enable them to go online to make the project happen，to get the products and the financing and the。professional design and construction to help to do it outright． BuildingBlocks was the name Rolly came up with for his new enterprise．Rolly took the plunge first．He simply dropped his profitable energy—consulting business to commit himself full time to BuildingBlocks．I soon joined him after I quit my well—paid job at a newspaper． Together we developed a demo to show the features of our CD—ROM，“The New American Dream Home”．Then we took it to the annual convention of the National Association of Home Builders in Boston．All the big companies were there showing off their。latest products． To our delight，nearly everyone was eager to see what we were showin9，．including the top executives of some enormous companies．When we left，we had invitations from them to come to their offices to tell them more about BuildingBlocks. That was the start of my real lifetime dream and BuildBlocks，our company，has been prospering ever since． 回答下列各题： By“something huge was happenin9”，the writer refers to_________．

A.house designing

B.home decoration

C.furniture production

D.high-tech development

听力原文： In the early 1900s, most Americans lived on farms, and they clearly understood their role in the family. Women usually got up before the sun to milk cows, gather eggs and prepare a big breakfast. During the day they did the laundry by hand, made quilts, churned butter, gardened, canned and baked. They sometimes worked in the fields with their husbands. The wife played an important economic role in the family and was an important producer.

During the next fifty years, however, life in America changed dramatically. Most people moved from the farms into cities or towns where the husband had a job in an of-rice, store or factory. In the 1940s and 50s most women continued to work at home, taking care of the house and children, doing laundry, sewing and cooking. The lives of husbands and wives become more separate with the husband leaving home every morning for work rather than going into the fields.

During the 1960s more and more women began to move into the labor force. By 1980 more than 60% of all American women between the ages of 18 and 54 had jobs outside their homes. At first, most women worked only if their income was needed because of the death or illness of their husbands, but later women began to work by choice. As automation took over many of the creative jobs at home and as the husband's attention was increasingly drawn to his career, some women found less fulfillment in household responsibilities. An increase in the divorce rate also pushed more women into the labor force. By 1980, 8.5 million American families were headed by women with no husband present.

This mass movement of women into jobs outside their homes has affected the lives of millions of children. America is one of the few industrialized countries which does not provide government-supported day care for the children of working mothers. Many companies provide some kind of child care for their employee's children, but many parents must make their own arrangements. Private daycare is the most common choice.

Like Chinese women, American women have always worked either on the farms, in their homes or in the work-place as wage earners. The American family has adjusted to the change from a rural to an urban economic base, and it is currently adjusting once again to changes in the role of women.

What kind of work did most American women do during the 1940s and 1950s?

A．They worked in laundries.

B．They did typing and bookkeeping.

C．They worked as seamstresses.

D．They did laundry, cooking, and sewing at home.

In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA)listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people-especially those born to families who have lived in the U. S. for many generations-apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go," says anthropologist William Cameron Chum-lea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients-notably, protein--to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height--5 '9" for men, 5'4" for women--hasn't really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism," says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."

Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to ______ .

A．illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

B．show the popularity of NBA players in the U. S.

C．compare different generations of NBA players.

D．assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

根据下列文章，回答31～35题。

In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association （NBA） listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today''s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we''ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients–notably, protein–to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5′9〞for men, 5′4〞for women- hasn''t really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don''t expect this to happen soon. Claire C． Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.

第 31 题 Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to

A．illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

B．show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S……

C．compare different generations of NBA players.

D．assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

根据下列文章，回答31～35题。In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association （NBA） listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today''s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we''ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients–notably, protein–to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5′9〞for men, 5′4〞for women- hasn''t really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don''t expect this to happen soon. Claire C． Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.

第31题：Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to

A．illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

B．show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S……

C．compare different generations of NBA players.

D．assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

请根据短文内容，回答题。

Operation Migration

If you look up at the sky in the early fall in the northern part of North America, you may see groups of birds. These birds are flying south to places where they can find food and warmth for the winter. They are migrating (迁徙) . The young birds usually learn to migrate from their parents.<br>

They follow their parents south, in one unusual case, however, the young birds are following something very different. These birds are young whooping cranes, and they are following an airplane!<br>

The whooping crane is the largest bird that is native to North America. These birds almost disappeared in the 1800s. By 1941, there were only about 20 cranes alive. In the 1970s, people were worried that these creatures were in danger of disappearing completely. As a result, the United States identified whooping cranes as an endangered species that they needed to protect.<br>

Some researchers tried to help. They began to breed whooping cranes in special parks to increase the number of birds. This plan was successful. There were a lot of new baby birds. As the birds became older, the researchers wanted to return them to nature. However, there was a problem:<br>

These young birds did not know how to migrate. They needed human help.<br>

In 2001, some people had a creative idea. They formed an organization called Operation Migration. This group decided to use very light airplanes, instead of birds, to lead the young whooping cranes on their first trip south. They painted each airplane to look like a whooping crane.<br>

Even the pilots wore special clothing to make them look like cranes. The cranes began to trust the airplanes, and the plan worked.<br>

Today, planes still lead birds across approximately 1,200 miles (1,931 kilometers), from the United States-Canadian border to the Gulf of Mexico. They leave the birds at different sites. If a trip is successful, the birds can travel on their own in the future. Then, when these birds become parents, they will teach their young to migrate. The people of Operation Migration think this is the only way to maintain the whooping crane population.<br>

Operation Migration works with several other organizations and government institutes.<br>

Together, they assist hundreds of cranes each year. However, some experts predict that soon, this won&39;t be necessary. Thanks to Operation Migration and its partners, the crane population will continue to migrate. Hopefully, they won&39;t need human help any more.

Whooping cranes migrate in winter to__________. 查看材料

A.find warmth and food

B.raise baby whooping cranes

C.get human help

D.lay eggs