The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application is ____________.

Fill up each gap with an appropriate word given below: legislatures lacking supreme force power major approved despite interest covered precedents similarly left handling judges The law itself comes from several sources: constitutional law, treaties, statutes, executive orders, administrative regulations, and common law. The U.S. Constitution is the 1_________ law of the land that takes precedence over any of the other categories. Each state also has a constitution that 2__________takes precedence over any state law (within its own state, of course). The federal government can enter into treaties with other countries that also have the 3___________ of law. The president negotiates these treaties, which must then be 4____________by two-thirds of the Senate. Statutes, law passed by 5__________, are the types of law most of us are likely to think of when we are asked about sources of law but sometimes the executive (president or governor) is permitted to issue regulations that have the force of law. Often, administrative agencies are given the power to make regulations that have the force of law. For example, the Federal Communications Commission has the 6___________to license broadcasters, but Congress left it to the commission to issue regulations to determine which stations best serve the public 7_________. Such decisions can mean the gain or loss of millions of dollars. As government has grown, Congress and state legislature, 8_________ the time and resources to go into every detail, have more and more 9__________ the power to make these regulations, known as administrative law, in the hands of regulatory agencies. This has been a 10__________ change in our legal system since the Constitution was first adopted. 11__________ all these sources of law, situations can still arise that are not 12_________by any of them. When this occurs, it is up to 13_________ to determine the law. In doing so they turn to a body of past cases setting out rules for 14_________such problems. These rules, based on 15__________ dating back to precolonial England, are known as the common law. This means that judges not only interpret the other types of law but can also make law.

Fill up each gap with an appropriate word given below: consolidate fashion nor referred to or subordinate terms based therefore however code cases confusingly compiled enact The meaning of the word ‘code’ will vary according to whether it is being used by lawyers trained in the English common law tradition, or lawyers brought up in the civil law tradition. In the civil law system, a 1_______is an authoritative, comprehensive and systematic collection of general clauses and legal principles, divided into Books or Parts dealing in a logical 2????______ with the law relating thereto. Civil law codes are 3________ regarded as the primary source of law, to which all other sources are 4________, and often the only source of law on a particular matter. 5________, codes have also been 6_________ in common law jurisdictions, particularly for procedure and, in 7_______ of sheer volume, the United States have more ‘codified’ laws than any other country. 8 _________ the cardinal feature in a common law code is that it is 9________ pre-existing law (usually a combination of cases and statutes) and is neither designed, 10_________ intended to be a formulation of all inclusive rules. In other words, common law codes are generally enacted to 11 ______ the law on a particular area, or to clarify an area of law which has become unsettled, obscure or confused. It is exceedingly rare for a common law code to attempt to 12 ______ new rules or new concepts. Despite the enactment or compilation of various codes in common law jurisdictions, 13 _______ (or judicial decisions) generally retain their clarificatory significance and will continue to be 14______ as sources of law if there is any ambiguity in the statute, 15______ if there is a perceived ‘gap’ in the legislation which could then be filled by an existing judicial decision. In terms of style and organization, the format and structure of a typical common law statute is quite different from that of a civil law statute or code.

Fill up each gap with an appropriate word given below: those, which, that , any , whenever, can, may, will, more, except Some social scientists argue persuasively that law 1______ exist in 2________ number of situations. For example, in a family, parents "make laws" that children must obey; in a company, the personnel director makes rules that employees must obey. In fact, 3________ a group gets together, law may appear. These laws, 4________ are not supported by the official sanctions of the government, are called "private laws" and are generated in "private legal systems". We, however, take the position that law is one type of norm or, 5________ specifically, 6________ norms established by the official leaders of society 7________ be characterized as law; We 8________ limit our discussion to the study of the U. S. Legal system— 9________ norms established by any part of our government—and we will not discuss private legal systems, 10________ to note that they are actively studied by people interested in the sociology of law.

I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate transitions and expressions of cause and effect. Pay careful attention to the punctuation given. （10%）（共10分，每题1分） Causes of Teenage Smoking A 13-year-old boy, standing in the doorway of his school, puffs on a cigarette. He holds it carelessly, like an adult, yet in plain view. He looks around to make sure that the other guys are watching. If you ask how long he has smoked, you will find out that he started when he was eleven. But now, he is an addicted smoker. If you ask him why he smokes, he will probably say that he enjoys it. ① you wonder if that is really the reason. It seems to me that the causes of teenage smoking are more complex. More specifically, they have more to do with the ambiguous role of teenagers in society. Teenage smoking is ② by personal insecurity, a desire to be like adults, and peer pressure. The ③ cause of teenage smoking is the personal insecurity young people often feel. They are at a different age. They are no longer children, ④__ the ways in which they have behaved in the past are inappropriate. On the other hand, they are not yet adults; ⑤ , they do not know the ways of the adult world. This conflict can ⑥ feelings of insecurity. ⑦ , if children want attention from their parents or a toy or sweet, they can cry to draw attention to their desires. For teenagers ⑧ , crying will be labeled childish and they will be told to “act their age.” Often, ⑨ , the teenager does not know how to act his or her age. ⑩ teenagers do not know what to do, they often turn to smoking as a way to hide their nervousness and insecurities.

Read the following passage carefully, and fill in each blank with an appropriate word. The key to writing an effective summary is combining the material you choose to include into_____, coherent sentences and paragraphs.

A.concise

B.compact

C.clear

Complete the following sentence by filling in each blank with an appropriate word. Change the form where necessary. for good; avid; help sb. out; spill over; check on; run into; confirmation; make certain; bring up; burned out If scientists and doctors could get the vaccine to everyone who needed it, they would be able to get rid of the disease _________.

A、Keep the handshake firm.

B、Keep the handshake brief.

C、On being introduced, offer your left hand.

D、If you offer a handshake and it is refused, withdraw your hand.

Choose an appropriate combination of determiners to fill in each blank: 1. The additional work will take _______ weeks. A. the other B. another five C. other five D. the more 2. He did it in _______ time it took me. A. the one-third B. half a C. the double D. one-third the 3. I saw _______ boys at the cinema. A. the both B. many a C. both the D. the several 4. ________ candidates are girls. A. Half the B. The half C. Their D. Half a 5. He was on leave _______ days. A. the few last B. few another C. few other D. the last few 6. _______ friends usually speak highly of him. A. His some B. His many C. Many his D. Some his 7. Please serve me _______ soup. A. more some B. the less C. more the D. some more 8. ________ alloy may be used to replace copper. A. Such a B. Some such C. Such some D. Several such 9. Please send _______ samples to London by air. A. these enough B. five these C. enough these D. these five 10. Are you going to buy _______ rice? A. all these B. these all C. all this D. both these 11. They want at least _______ salaries. A. their double B. double their C. enough their D. their enough 12. ________ dictionary is enough for me. A. Such one B. One such C. Such a one D. One such a 13. _______ factors should be considered. A. These all B. Such all C. All such D. Some these 14. _______ evenings he did enjoy himself immensely. A. The first few B. The few first C. The first some D. Some the first 15. _______ meat is tainted. A. That one-third B. One-third that C. Such a D. Few such 16. ________ cases has been reported. A. Such few B. Such some C. Few such D. Some these 17. _______ boys were in the classroom. A. All five other B. Other all C. All the more D. All the other five 18. _______ recommendation has so far been made by the technicians. A. Several such B. No such a C. Such no D. No such 19. They are not likely to agree to _______ propositions. A. other any B. other all C. all other D. other these 20. He has been staying at home ________ days. A. these all last few B. these last few all C. all these last few D. these last all few

A、Chopping （砍）gesture

B、Pointing at audience with forefinger

C、Slashing(削) gesture

D、Asking for money gesture

2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words（每小题2分，共40分） (1) A 1) is characterized by having a well-structured periodic placement of atoms. The smallest assembly of atoms that can be repeated to form the entire crystal is called a 2) , with a dimension of 3) . (2) For any semiconductor there is a forbidden energy range in which allowed states cannot exist. Energy regions or energy bands are permitted above and below this energy gap. The upper bands are called the 4) ; the lower bands, the 5) . The separation between the energy of the lowest conduction band and that of the highest valence band is called the 6) or energy gap Eg, which is one of the most-important parameters in semiconductor physics. (3) For an n-type silicon, a substitutional phosphorous atom with five valence electrons has replaced a silicon atom and a negative-charged electron is donated to the lattice in the conduction band. The phosphorous atom is called a 7) . When a boron atom with three valence electrons substitutes for a silicon atom, a positive-charged hole is created in the valence band and an additional electron will be accepted to form four covalent bonds around the boron. This is p-type, and the boron is an 8) . We can calculate the approximate distance of the donor electron from the donor impurity ion, and also the approximate energy required to elevate the donor electron into the conduction band. This energy is referred to as the 9) . (4) Electronic devices rely on transport of electrons (holes) in materials. This transport occurs either under the influence of an electric 10) or carrier concentration 11) . There are two collision or scattering mechanisms that dominate in a semiconductor and affect the carrier 12) : phonon or 13) scattering, and 14) scattering. If the carrier energy is large enough it can transfer energy to the lattice by the emission of an optical phonon. This mechanism is very efficient and limits the maximum drift velocity. The limiting value for the drift velocity is termed the 15) . Besides the 16) , which flows when an electric field is applied and which follows Ohm's law, an additional important component of current can flow if a spatial variation of carrier energies or densities exists within the material. This component of current is called 17) . (5) The bipolar transistor has three separately doped regions and two pn 18) . The three terminal connections are called the emitter, base, and 19) . The width of the 20) region is small compared to the minority carrier diffusion length.