2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words（...

I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate transitions and expressions of cause and effect. Pay careful attention to the punctuation given. （10%）（共10分，每题1分） Causes of Teenage Smoking A 13-year-old boy, standing in the doorway of his school, puffs on a cigarette. He holds it carelessly, like an adult, yet in plain view. He looks around to make sure that the other guys are watching. If you ask how long he has smoked, you will find out that he started when he was eleven. But now, he is an addicted smoker. If you ask him why he smokes, he will probably say that he enjoys it. ① you wonder if that is really the reason. It seems to me that the causes of teenage smoking are more complex. More specifically, they have more to do with the ambiguous role of teenagers in society. Teenage smoking is ② by personal insecurity, a desire to be like adults, and peer pressure. The ③ cause of teenage smoking is the personal insecurity young people often feel. They are at a different age. They are no longer children, ④__ the ways in which they have behaved in the past are inappropriate. On the other hand, they are not yet adults; ⑤ , they do not know the ways of the adult world. This conflict can ⑥ feelings of insecurity. ⑦ , if children want attention from their parents or a toy or sweet, they can cry to draw attention to their desires. For teenagers ⑧ , crying will be labeled childish and they will be told to “act their age.” Often, ⑨ , the teenager does not know how to act his or her age. ⑩ teenagers do not know what to do, they often turn to smoking as a way to hide their nervousness and insecurities.

Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word. Nowadays there is a media trend toward diminishing the importance of fathers in the United States. On the one hand, we have easy access to 1) stories about the struggles of working mothers. On the other, the 2) of fathers presented in the media are always 3) or irresponsible. Fathers are usually blamed for not helping much with the housework. Compared with working mothers and at-home dads, working fathers have received less media attention, although most are quietly yet proudly 4) their family duties. Our society has given little cultural 5) to those breadwinner fathers. Recently, there is another media trend of regarding at-home wives as “6) symbols” — a luxury not many men can afford to have. In fact, men as sole wage earners suffer many 7) . They have to work extra hours to make more money to support their families. It would be wise for us to be 8) of the importance of fathers to their children. It would also be advisable for us to recognize the great efforts that fathers make to support their families. They, the unsung heroes, 9) our recognition and our thanks for what they do. 1)

Choose the most appropriate words or phrases to complete the following passage. Every year there are changes 1)_________ (on/in) different parts of the world. Some of these changes are 2)___________ (due to/result in) natural causes. 3)__________ (Because/However), some climate changes are caused by air pollution and these changes may increase. If the pollution 4) __________ (effects/affects) the level of carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) in the atmosphere, the results 5) _____________ (are alike to/are likely to) be serious. Carbon dioxide constitutes only a small part of the 6) ___________ (atmosphere/climate), but it has an important function in 7) ____________ (maintaining/insisting) the balance between radiation 8) _____________ (to/from) the sun entering the atmosphere and radiation leaving the Earth. Some of the radiation is absorbed by the Earth and some is radiated back into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents some of the radiation 9) _________ of/from) leaving the atmosphere. Thus the heat 10) _________ (remains/keeps) in the atmosphere and carbon dioxide helps to prevent the temperature of the Earth from falling. If the 11) __________ (rate/proportion) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased as a result of air pollution, the temperature of the atmosphere may 12) _________ (rise/fall). This might eventually cause the ice in the North and South Poles to melt. If this 13) __________ (happening/happened), the sea level could rise and parts of the Earth 14) ___________ (would/will) be flooded. The likelihood of this happening is unknown, but the possibility 15) ________ (exists/existed).

Directions: Choose the appropriate words or expressions in the word bank to complete the passage. Word bank: ins and outs; appreciate; set about; organic; go out; self-sufficient; haul; generate; adjustment; taken for granted; If you want to know all the ________ of living green, then you should visit Backsbottom Farm. It is run by Rod and Jane, who have tried to be as ________ as possible. They use a horse to ________ the logs they cut from their woods. The fields are nourished by ________ waste from the horse and their other animals rather than chemicals. They rely on a windmill to ________ their electricity and when the wind slows down the lights ________ and they have to ________ looking for the candles. Jane, who was brought up in a home where constant electric power was ________, admits it was hard to make the ________ when they first arrived at the farm, but adds that overall they really ________ their new way of life.

Fill up each gap with an appropriate word given below: legislatures lacking supreme force power major approved despite interest covered precedents similarly left handling judges The law itself comes from several sources: constitutional law, treaties, statutes, executive orders, administrative regulations, and common law. The U.S. Constitution is the 1_________ law of the land that takes precedence over any of the other categories. Each state also has a constitution that 2__________takes precedence over any state law (within its own state, of course). The federal government can enter into treaties with other countries that also have the 3___________ of law. The president negotiates these treaties, which must then be 4____________by two-thirds of the Senate. Statutes, law passed by 5__________, are the types of law most of us are likely to think of when we are asked about sources of law but sometimes the executive (president or governor) is permitted to issue regulations that have the force of law. Often, administrative agencies are given the power to make regulations that have the force of law. For example, the Federal Communications Commission has the 6___________to license broadcasters, but Congress left it to the commission to issue regulations to determine which stations best serve the public 7_________. Such decisions can mean the gain or loss of millions of dollars. As government has grown, Congress and state legislature, 8_________ the time and resources to go into every detail, have more and more 9__________ the power to make these regulations, known as administrative law, in the hands of regulatory agencies. This has been a 10__________ change in our legal system since the Constitution was first adopted. 11__________ all these sources of law, situations can still arise that are not 12_________by any of them. When this occurs, it is up to 13_________ to determine the law. In doing so they turn to a body of past cases setting out rules for 14_________such problems. These rules, based on 15__________ dating back to precolonial England, are known as the common law. This means that judges not only interpret the other types of law but can also make law.

Choose the appropriate time signals to fill in the blanks. (choose only one correct answer) (), he received a film camera as his birthday present. (), he became increasingly interested in cinematography. After 13 years of relentless pursuit of his beloved cause, he won himself a seven-year contract with Universal Studios where he strove hard and produced numerous notable movies. (), he revealed that his lifelong conviction was to “Make sure you are right and go on!”, which has immensely inspired the young with the dream of film.

A、When Steven was eight years old;As the renowned movie director; Since then

B、When Steven was eight years old; Since then; As the renowned movie director

C、Since then; As the renowned movie director; When Steven was eight years old

D、 As the renowned movie director; Since then; When Steven was eight years old

Fill up each gap with an appropriate word given below: consolidate fashion nor referred to or subordinate terms based therefore however code cases confusingly compiled enact The meaning of the word ‘code’ will vary according to whether it is being used by lawyers trained in the English common law tradition, or lawyers brought up in the civil law tradition. In the civil law system, a 1_______is an authoritative, comprehensive and systematic collection of general clauses and legal principles, divided into Books or Parts dealing in a logical 2????______ with the law relating thereto. Civil law codes are 3________ regarded as the primary source of law, to which all other sources are 4________, and often the only source of law on a particular matter. 5________, codes have also been 6_________ in common law jurisdictions, particularly for procedure and, in 7_______ of sheer volume, the United States have more ‘codified’ laws than any other country. 8 _________ the cardinal feature in a common law code is that it is 9________ pre-existing law (usually a combination of cases and statutes) and is neither designed, 10_________ intended to be a formulation of all inclusive rules. In other words, common law codes are generally enacted to 11 ______ the law on a particular area, or to clarify an area of law which has become unsettled, obscure or confused. It is exceedingly rare for a common law code to attempt to 12 ______ new rules or new concepts. Despite the enactment or compilation of various codes in common law jurisdictions, 13 _______ (or judicial decisions) generally retain their clarificatory significance and will continue to be 14______ as sources of law if there is any ambiguity in the statute, 15______ if there is a perceived ‘gap’ in the legislation which could then be filled by an existing judicial decision. In terms of style and organization, the format and structure of a typical common law statute is quite different from that of a civil law statute or code.

Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate word or phrase. Change the form. when necessary.

1.This book attempts to() the position of the national government in local affairs.

2.If you() to see him, please let me know as soon as possible.

3.These workers have to be() all day, going from one machine to the other.

4.The football game is canceled ()unavoidable circumstances.

5.David ()have passed the exam if he had worked harder.

6.My classmate has been ()work for a whole week.

7.He couldn’t help weeping when he talked about the ()he suffered in childhood.

8.The patient was asked to ()of what he ate every day.

9.Nancy is not getting along well with her workmates. She often makes others unhappy with().

10.His impolite manners ()at the party. No one wanted to talk with him.

Fill up each gap with an appropriate word given below: those, which, that , any , whenever, can, may, will, more, except Some social scientists argue persuasively that law 1______ exist in 2________ number of situations. For example, in a family, parents "make laws" that children must obey; in a company, the personnel director makes rules that employees must obey. In fact, 3________ a group gets together, law may appear. These laws, 4________ are not supported by the official sanctions of the government, are called "private laws" and are generated in "private legal systems". We, however, take the position that law is one type of norm or, 5________ specifically, 6________ norms established by the official leaders of society 7________ be characterized as law; We 8________ limit our discussion to the study of the U. S. Legal system— 9________ norms established by any part of our government—and we will not discuss private legal systems, 10________ to note that they are actively studied by people interested in the sociology of law.