If one party violates or fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to claim indemnity for any loss or damage. The underline part of the sentence means_____.

Offer the other party incentives to agree to your fee.

（ ）party shall notify the other party of the ratification by their respective authorities．

A．Each

B．0ne

C．Either

D．A

In a civil case, one party may file an action; the other party may or may not()the claim.

A.admit

B.confess

C.agree

Many people say 'no' to a suggestion in the beginning to

A.convince the other party of their point of vie

B.show they are not really intereste

C.indicate they wish to take the easy optio

D.protect their company's situatio

The ( 41 - voyage chartering ) means that the shipowner promises to carry on board a specific ship a particular cargo for a single or several voyages from one or more loading ports to one or more discharging ports. The payment paid by the charterer to the ship owner for cargo transport by sea is called ( 42 - freight) and the contact made by ship owner and charterer is called a voyage charter party. Under a voyage charter party, the actual operation of the vessel is left to the ( 43 - shipowner ). There are the provision for the ( 44 ), demurrage and dispatch money etc, in the voyage charter. There are more standard forms of voyage charter parties than any other form of contract of carriage ( 45 - GENCON) is the most popular and widely used general purpose voyage charter party on a global basis for numerous types of cargoes. 41.

A.voyage chartering

B.time chartering

C.bareboad chartering

D.TCT

A variety of conditions can affect the success or failure of negotiations (谈判). The following conditions make success in negotiations more likely.

First, both parties must be willing to participate. If one party is unwilling for the negotiation, the ___32___ for reaching any agreement will certainly ___33___.

Second, people must get ready to discuss. When there is not enough information ___34___, or a negotiation strategy unprepared, people may be ___35___ to begin the discussion.

Third, both parties must have enough interests in common to ___36___ themselves to a shared decision-making discussion. For people to settle disagreement, they must have some means to ___37___ the attitudes and behavior. from the other party. To ___38___ a change, they may provide needed information and seek the advice of experts for help.

Finally, participants must have the ___39___ to make a decision. If not, negotiations will be limited to an information exchange between the parties. ___40___, both parties must have a willingness to ___41___. In other words, sometimes, to reach a satisfactory conclusion, it is necessary for the parties prepared to have less than 100 percent of needs or interests satisfied.

A、effect

B、affect

C、commit

D、decrease

E、decline

F、influence

G、compromise

H、concede

I、available

J、applicable

K、reluctant

L、furthermore

M、necessity

N、authority

O、potential

Even if the credit requires presentation of a charter party contract, the documentary checker will not examine the contract, but will pass it along without responsibility. Certain CCC commitments (United States Commodity Credit Corporation) may require a review of the charter party contract.

  (1)( ) True

  (2)( ) False

To ensure security of electronic commerce,an electronic certification center should be established.DTo ensure security of electronic commerce,an electronic certification center should be established.Digital ID is trusted to validate identity.Digital ID is trusted to a third party,namely,an authorized agency,to release,including identifying information of the holder（）,an inscriptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity,password and identification information of the authorized agency,etc.Wjth digital ID,both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.

The origin of the American party system can be traced to______.

A．the struggle between the Royalists and revolutionaries in the War of Independence

B．the constitutional debate between the Federalists and the anti-Federalists

C．the struggle between those who upheld slavery and those who opposed slavery

D．none of the above