Nonverbal Signals As humans, we communicate primarily through language. A speaker transmit

According to the article, communication problems arise when

A．people send the wrong signals.

B．individual miss nonverbal cues.

C．culture clash.

D．people use the same signal to mean differently.

A．They can strengthen a spoken message

B．They can weaken a spoken message

C．They can replace spoken messages

D．All of the above are true

Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure [10 points]

Questions 1-5 are based on the following task.

Choose the appropriate words or expressions from the box to complete the following paragraph. There are THREE extra choices that you don't need. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.

A. keen B. Unless C. just as D.imitates E. difference F. For example G. body language H. however

North Americans and South Americans have a few similarities in body language, but most of their nonverbal signals are different.(1)________,North Americans do not maintain eye contact during a conversation; (2) ________ , South Americans do. A North American usually meets the other person's eyes for a few seconds, looks away, and then back again. A South American looks directly into the other person's eyes and considers it impolite not to continue. Another (3)________is how they use hand movements while speaking. South Americans use many gestures. North Americans use gestures only occasionally. North and South Americans are similar regarding distance between people speaking to each other. (4)_________it is a close friendship, North and South American stand about two to three feet apart. It's often possible to know where a person comes from by studying his or her (5)________.

Nonverbal Communication

Like all animals, people communicate by their actions as well as by the noises they make. Language is obviously essential for human beings, but it is not the whole story of human communication.

There are many different cultures in the world, and in each of them the children must learn a great many things that are expected of everyone who participates effectively in that culture. These things are taken for granted by everyone who shares the culture. When I say that they are taken for granted, I mean that nobody needs to describe them or write them down or try self-consciously to teach them to children. Indeed, the children begin to learn them before their linguistic skills are far enough developed to understand a verbal description of what they are learning. This kind of learning has sometimes been called "imitation," but that is much too simple an explanation for the complex processes that go on when a child learns what is normal and expected in his own community. Most of the norms (标准) are communicated to the child nonverbally, and he internalizes them as if no other possibilities existed. They are as much a part of him as his own body; he would no more question them than he would question the fact that he has two hands and two feet, but only one head.

What is an example of the sort of thing that children learn nonverbally？ One of the simplest examples to observe and analyze and discuss is the way people use clothing and bodily ornamentation (装饰) to communicate. At any particular time in any particular culture there is an accepted and normal way to dress and to arrange one's hair and to paint the face and to wear one's jewelry. By adopting those conventions for dressing himself, a person communicates to the world that he wants to be treated according to the standards of the culture for which they are appropriate. When a black person in America rejects the normal American dress and puts on African clothing, he is communicating to the world that he wants to be treated as an Afro-American. On the surface, dressing up in unusual costumes would seem to be one of the more innocent forms of dissent that a person would express, but in fact it is deeply resented by many people who still feel bound by the traditional conventions of their culture and who become fearful or angry when those norms are violated. The nonverbal message that such a costume communicates is "I reject your culture and your values," and those who resent this message can be violent in their response.

Eye contact also has an important role in regulating conversational interactions. In America, a typical pattern is for the listener to signal that he is paying attention by looking at the talker's mouth or eyes. Since direct eye contact is often too intimate, the talker may let his eyes wonder elsewhere. As the moment arrives for the talker to become a listener, and for his partner to begin talking, there will often be a preliminary signal. The talker will often look toward the listener, and the listener will signal that he is ready to talk by glancing away.

Such eye signals will vary, of course, depending on what the people are talking about and what the personal relation is between them. But whatever the pattern of eye signals that two people are using, they use them unconsciously. If you try to become aware of your own eye movements while you are talking to someone, y6u will find it extremely frustrating. As soon as you try to think self-consciously about your own eye movements, you don't know where you should be looking. If you want to study how the eyes communicate, therefore, you should do it by observing other people, not yourself. But if you watch other people too intently, of course, you may disturb them or make them angry. So be careful!

Eye communication seems to be particularly important for Americans. It is part of the American culture that pe

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

nition is simple,【52】the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perceptions, attitudes and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same【53】can have communication problems. People can unintentionally hurt each other by something they say or【54】. Isn't it logical, then, that communication problem can be【55】among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i. e. , language and culture) 9. Cultures do not communicate; individuals【56】. Everyone has a unique style. of communication, but cultures determine a general style. for their members. The【57】of individual to his culture is【58】to an actor and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless influenced by the director. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our culture.【59】, we may not perceive that others are influenced by their cultures as well.

Problems and misinterpretations do not result every time members from two cultures communicate.【60】, when cultural conflicts do arise, they may be perceived【61】personal rather than cultural. In the following example it is a【62】misunderstanding that creates negative feelings and confusion. A young woman from one culture is looking【63】of the window and sees a male acquaintance from another culture. He signals to her by puckering his lips . She quickly looks away from the window. Later she ignores him. He is confused and she is angry.

The【64】was due to the woman's failure to understand the man's nonverbal signal. In her culture, his gesture conveys a sexual advance. According to his culture, he Was only saying (nonverbally) , "Oh there you are . I've been looking for you." The woman's misinterpretation resulted【65】her angry reaction and his【66】. If the two had known more【67】each other's nonverbal cues, they could have【68】the cultural conflict.

Some misunderstandings are insignificant and can be easily【69】or remedied.【70】conflicts are more serious in that they can cause misinterpretations and create persistent negative attitudes toward foreigners.

(51)

ife can be starved and damaged？ Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick H in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.

All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.

Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which be can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style. rather than grammar.

Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's nonverbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.

The purpose of Frederick Ⅱ's experiment was ______.

A．to prove that children are born with the ability to speak

B．to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech

C．to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak

D．to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language

ife can be starved and damaged？ Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.

All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.

Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to, the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four he knows his language differs from that of his parents in style. rather than grammar.

Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity of speaking. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the Complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's nonverbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.

According to the passage, Frederick Ⅱ carried on the experiments to ______.

A．prove that children are born with the ability to speak

B．find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak

C．discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human Speech

D．prove that child would be damaged without learning language

Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure [10 points]

Questions 1-5 are based on the following task.

Choose the appropriate words or expressions from the box to complete the following paragraph. There are THREE extra choices that you don't need. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.

A. keen B. Unless C. just as D.imitates E. difference F. For example G. body language H. however

North Americans and South Americans have a few similarities in body language, but most of their nonverbal signals are different.(1)________,North Americans do not maintain eye contact during a conversation; (2) ________ , South Americans do. A North American usually meets the other person's eyes for a few seconds, looks away, and then back again. A South American looks directly into the other person's eyes and considers it impolite not to continue. Another (3)________is how they use hand movements while speaking. South Americans use many gestures. North Americans use gestures only occasionally. North and South Americans are similar regarding distance between people speaking to each other. (4)_________it is a close friendship, North and South American stand about two to three feet apart. It's often possible to know where a person comes from by studying his or her (5)________.