9. Nonverbal communication is the communication by _______________, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures.

The standard types of communication include all but

A Written

B Verbal

C Telepathic

D Nonverbal

E None of the above

All of us communicate with one another non-verbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we're not aware that we're doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else's eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a sys- tem to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language.

Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a lift of the chin or a widening of the eyes. With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.

There are regional idioms too. An expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, ethnic background, social class and personal style. all influence your body language. Nevertheless, you move and gesture within the American idiom.

The person who is truly bilingual is also bilingual in body language. New York's famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia, politicked in English, Italian and Yiddish. When films of his speeches are run without sound, it's not too difficult to identify from his gestures the language he was speaking. One of the reasons English-dubbed foreign films often seem flat is that the gestures don't match the language.

Usually, the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often it's a case of "not what he said but the way he said it." Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula, total impact of a message=7 percent verbal+38 percent vocal+55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "I hate you" can be made to sound sexy.

Experts in kinetics--the study of communication through body movement--are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something: But there are other possible interpretations, too. Another example; When a strident in conversation with a professor holds the older man's eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a subtle challenge to the professor's authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.

According to linguists, people's gestures are ______.

A．random and incidental

B．consistent and comprehensible

C．subtle and isolated

D．precise and sexy

听力原文： If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn't a catchy question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words: speakers and listeners--oral communication; writers and readers--written communication. And you'd be quite right. There is, however, another form. of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. It does not involve the use of words. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication, "NVC" for short.

When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. Incidentally, I referred a moment ago to "the average European", because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must appreciate this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but acutely embarrassed.

Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, is sometimes categorized into five kinds: (1) body and facial gestures; (2) eye contact; (3) body contact or proximity; (4) clothing and physical appearance; and (5) the quality of speech. I expect you understand all those, except perhaps "proximity" This simply means "closeness". In some cultures--and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one--it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their faces into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.

(30)

A．Words and phrases.

B．Culture.

C．Individuals.

D．Misunderstanding.

听力原文： If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn't a catchy question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words: speakers and listeners--oral communication; writers and readers--written communication. And you'd be quite right. There is, however, another form. of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. It does not involve the use of words. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication, "NVC" for short.

When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. Incidentally, I referred a moment ago to "the average European", because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must appreciate this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but acutely embarrassed.

Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, is sometimes categorized into five kinds: (1) body and facial gestures; (2) eye contact; (3) body contact or proximity; (4) clothing and physical appearance; and (5) the quality of speech. I expect you understand all those, except perhaps "proximity" This simply means "closeness". In some cultures--and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one--it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their faces into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.

(30)

A．Words and phrases.

B．Culture.

C．Individuals.

D．Misunderstanding.

听力原文： If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn't a catchy question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words: speakers and listeners oral communication; writers and readers-written communication. And you'd be quite fight. There is, however, another form. of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. It does not involve the use of words. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication, "NVC" for short.

When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your-reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. Incidentally, I referred a moment ago to "the average European", because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must appreciate this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but acutely embarrassed.

Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, is sometimes categorized into five kinds: (1) body and facial gestures; (2) eye contact; (3) body contact or proximity; (4) clothing and physical appearance; and (5) the quality of speech. I expect you understand all those, except perhaps "proximity". This simply means "closeness". In some cultures-and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one--it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their faces into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.

(30)

A．Words and phrases.

B．Culture.

C．Individuals.

D．Misunderstanding.

185 The standard types of communication include all but

A. Written

B. Verbal

C. Telepathic

D. Nonverbal

E. None of the above

103 The standard types of communication include all but

A. Written

B. Verbal

C. Telepathic

D. Nonverbal

E. None of the above

As with other forms of nonverbal communication, the use of touch to communicate feelings and emotions varies widely from culture to culture. Edward T. Hall theorized that, 【C1】______touch, two general cultural classes exist; contact and noncontact. He calls cultures that【C2】______much contact contact cultures and【C3】______that permit little contact noncontact cultures. People in contact cultures【C4】______in closer proximity(接近)to each other. They touch more, face one another more directly, and utilize more eye contact than those in noncontact cultures. Contact cultures【C5】______most Arab countries, Mediterranean and Jewish people, Eastern Europeans, Russians, Hispanics, and Indonesians. Noncontact people【C6】______are from northern Europe, Japan, China, Korea, and other Far Eastern countries. The United States usually is【C7】______as a noncontact culture, primarily because of its original European settlers. Touching behavior, 【C8】______, varies among the different ethnic groups that make【C9】______the country. Blacks and Italian-Americans—to【C10】______two examples—tend to use touch rather widely to communicate closeness and affection. Anglo-Americans normally are restrained in touching others.

【C1】

A．due to

B．in addition to

C．in contrast to

D．with regard to