questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

Passage 1

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

In the past, operations were difficult. Until the middle of the eighteen fifties, surgery.

In some countries, up to 90 percent of patients died from infection after operations. In 1865, however, Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, found an answer to the problem. He used an “antiseptic” during and after operations. This killed the dangerous bacteria and most of his patients lived. Since then, surgeons have used antiseptics in all operations. Surgery has developed in many important ways since the day of Joseph Lister. Today, when patients go to hospital for an operation, they can expect the best treatment, in clean and hygienic conditions.

Operations were difficult and dangerous until_______.

A.1850

B.the middle of 1850

C.the middle of the fifties of the eighteenth century

D.the middle of the fifties of the nineteenth century

In the passage, surgery means__________.A.The performing of an operation

B.cure

C.treatment

D.medicine

Which topic of the following best suits the passage?A.Operations were difficult in the past

B.The devotion of Joseph Lister to medical science

C.Surgery has become safer

D.Developments in surgery

Joseph Lister was________.A.a Frenchman

B.a German

C.an Englishman

D.an American

In the past, up to 90 percent of patients died after operations mainly because__________.A.bacteria entered the cuts in the patients’ bodies and infection took place

B.the conditions in hospitals were bad

C.the skill of surgeons was not so good

D.there were no good medicine at that time

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical process; so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs and potions. This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment. It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results. The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical; those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair. Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest. The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to transform. base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure. What is the passage mainly about?

A.The scientific revolution in the seventeenth century.

B.Reasons that chemistry developed slowly as a science.

C.The practical aspects of chemistry.

D.Difficulties of organizing knowledge systematically.

If you think a high-factor sunscreen(防晒霜)keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong. Research in this week's Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas(黑瘤)and delays their occurrence, it can't prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun. Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.

There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas—the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer. A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed. A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didn't have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats, long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection. This study said other forms of sun protection—not sunscreen—seemed most beneficial. The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it's not entirely reliable. But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.

Many people also don't use sunscreen properly-applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long. It is sunburn that is most worrying-recent shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.

The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on(抹上)sunscreen and slap on a hat.

1.What is people's common expectation of a high-factor sunscreen？

A.It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.

B.It will protect them from sunburn.

C.It will keep their skin smooth and fair.

D.It will work for people of any skin color.

2.What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreen？

A.It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.

B.It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.

C.It is ineffective with long-term exposure.

D.It is ineffective for people with fair skin.

3.What do we learn from the 2011Australian study of 1,621 people？

A.Sunscreen should be applied alongside other protection measures.

B.High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen.

C.Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good.

D.Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.

4.What does the author say about the second Australian study？

A.It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection.

B.It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen.

C.It is not based on direct observation of the subjects.

D.It confirms the results of the first Australian study.

5.What does the author suggest to reduce melanoma rates？

A.Using both covering up and sunscreen.

B.Staying in the shade whenever possible.

C.Using covering up instead of sunscreen.

D.Applying the right amount of sunscreen.

????

????????????Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:????

??It is recently estimated that the book industry is trying to get a good read on its future. These days, instead of turning paper pages, many readers reach for hand held devices. These electronic readers not only Store books to show on a screen, they can also read them out loud.????

??Last week, Amazon lowered the price of its Kindle reader by 60 dollars to just under 300 dollars. The device can download books wirelessly from a store on Amazon&39;s Website. Most new releases and best sellers cost 9 dollars and 99 cents. Newspapers, magazines and other services are available for a monthly charge. Buyers of e-books get a good deal: Traditional hard cover books often cost around 25 dollars. But what about book publishers and writers? Their concerns about profits are like the ones voiced as the Internet began to change the music industry. Many e-books are already selling for 99 cents.??

??Books printed on paper are easily shared and resold by anyone But e-books can act more like computer software licensed only to the user who buys them.And some Kindle users got a shock last week. They were surprised to find that copies of two books disappeared from their devices. These were 99 cent versions of George Or well&39;s 1984 and Animal Farm. Blogger shave had fun pointing out that 1984 is largely about censorship(审查制度）-the suppression of information in a society led by Big Brother. Amazon explained that it did not have the rights to the books, so it erased them and returned the people&39;s money.??

??This week, Barnes & Noble, the world&39;s largest bookseller, launched what it calls the world&39;s largest e-bookstore. People can read the books on the Apple iPhone and other hand held devices and personal computers. They can also download over a half million books available free from Google. The Internet search company is putting books online that are no longer protected by copy right.

But last October, Google reached a 125 million dollar legal settlement to also make parts of some copy righted books available. That deal with two groups of writers and publishers has raised competition（竞争）issues. The Justice Department is now investigating. Also, the European Union plans hearings in September on how European writers might be affected.

????What does the author mean by saying “ ...the book industry is trying to get a good read on its future” in the first paragraph???????????

??

??A.it is trying to change its direction.

B.It wants to know where its future lies.

C.It wants to know what will the readers like in the future.

D.It is trying to print more readable books in the future.

The reasons why many readers prefer hand held devices to paper books are as follows except ___.

A.they can show books on a screen

B.there is no need for people to turn pages

C.paper books are not as portable as e-books

D.they can read books out

More and more readers prefer the e-books to the traditional books in that _______.A.they are licensed only to the user who buys them

B.copies of some books may disappear from their devices because of their no rights to the books

C.they are easily shared and resold by anyone

D.they cost less to download books from the Internet than to buy traditional books

We can conclude from the passage that________.A.some Kindle users got shocked in that they had no rights to download some books

B.the Internet search company put books online that are protected by copyright

C.the European Union shows concerns about copyrighted books

D.the sales of e-books at a lower price do harm to the profits of publishers and writers

Who may protest (抗议) against the issue of downloading books free from the Internet?A.The Justice Department and the European Union.

B.Google and Barnes & Noble

C.Publishers and writers.

D.Kindle users and booksellers.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi animal, semi human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox annot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be good ; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived. The author of the passage does not believe that ____

A.A.people can protect themselves

B.B.the truth makes men free

C.C.leaders have to be consistent

D.D.princes are human

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

Declining mental function is often seen as a problem of old age，but certain aspects of brain function actually begin their decline in young adulthood, a new study suggests. The study, which followed more than 2,000 healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 60, found that certain mental functions—including measures of abstract reasoning, mental speed and puzzle-solving—started to dull as early as age 27. Dips in memory, meanwhile, generally became apparent around age 37. On the other hand, indicators of a person’s accumulated knowledge—like performance on tests of vocabulary and general knowledge—kept improving with age, according to findings published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging. The results do not mean that young adults need to start worrying about their memories. Most people’s minds function at a high level even in their later years, according to researcher Timothy Salthouse. "These patterns suggest that some types of mental flexibility decrease relatively early in adulthood, but that the amount of knowledge one has, and the effectiveness of integrating it with one’s abilities，may increase throughout all of adulthood if there are no dispases," Salthouse said in a news release.The study included healthy, educated adults who took standard tests of memory, reasoning and perception at the outset and at some point over the next seven years. The tests are designed to detect subtle (细微的)changes in mental function, and involve solving Puzzles, recalling words and details from stories, and identifying patterns in collections of letters and symbols. In general, Salthouse and his colleagues found, certain aspects of cognition (认知能力)generally started to decline in the late 20s to 30s. The findings shed light on normal age-related changes in mental function, which could aid in understanding the process of dementia(痴呆),according to the researchers. “By following individuals over time,” Salthouse said, "we gain insight in cognition changes, and may possibly discover ways to slow the rate of decline.” The researchers are currently analyzing, the study participants&39; health and lifestyle. to see which factors might influence age-related cognitive changes.

What is the common view of mental function

A.It varies from person to person.

B.It gradually expands with age.

C.It weakens in one’s later years.

D.It indicates one’s health condition.

Questions 1to 5 are based on the following passage:

Some psychologists (心理学家)maintain that mental acts suchas thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that one’s muscles alsoparticipate. (76)It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhatthe same way that we listen to music with our bodies.

You surely are not surprised to be told thatyou usually listen to music not only with your ears but with your whole body.Few people can listen to music without moving their body or, more spe-cifically, some part of their body. Oftenwhen one listens to a symphonic concert on the radio, he is attracted to directthe orchestra （乐队）even though he knows there isa good conductor on the job.

Strange as this behavior. may be, there is avery good reason for it. One cannot derive all pos-sible enjoyment from musicunless he participates, so to speak, in its performance. The listener “feels”himself into the music with more or less noticeable motions of his body.

(77) The muscles of the body actuallyparticipate in the mental process of thinking in the same way，but this participation is lessobvious because it is less noticeable.

1. Somepsychologists think that thinking is ____________.

A.not a mental process

B.more of a physical process than a mental action

C.a process that involves our entire bodies

D.a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

People say that money cannot buy happiness. This was true for Howard Hughes. (76) He was one of the richest and most powerful men of his time. He bad everything: good look success, power, and a lot of money. But he didn ’t have lave or friendship because he couldn’t buy them. All his life he used his money to control everything and everyone around him. In the end, he lost control of everything, even himself.

Howard Hughes was born in 1905 in Houston, Texas. His father started the Hughes Tool Company. He was a workaholic （工作狂）and made a lot of money. He bought everything he wanted. He even gave money to schools so Howard could get into them. From his father, Howard learned to be a successful but merciless businessman. Hughes’ s mother, Allene also had a big influence on his life. Howard was her only child. She protected him and gave him everything. Unfortunately Allene had mental problems. (77)She was afraid of germs and diseases. She was obsessed with Howard&39;s health，and he became obsessed win it too.

Allene died when Howard was 16 years old. Two years later his father died. Hughes inherited the Hughes Tool Company. Then he married Ella Rice. He and Ella moved to Los Angeles, California. It was there that Howard Hughes began to become a legend （传奇人物）. Hughes began to invest his money in movies. He became an important producer soon after he moved to California. He worked hard, but he also played hard. He became obsessed with power and control. When he couldn’t get something legally, he gave money politicians and businessmen so they would help him. He owned a lot of businesses, including airplane companies, a movie studio （制片厂）, Las Vegas hotels, gold and silver mines, and radio and television stations. Once he bought a television studio so he could watch movies all night He also bought a hotel because he wanted to stay in his favorite room for one weekend.

Accordign to the passage ,Howard Hughes was hot _____.

A.good-looking

B.wealthy

C.friendly

D.powerful

Which of the following about Hughes' father is NOT TRUE?A.He started the Hughes Tool Company.

B.He liked to spend money.

C.He worked hard.

D.He drank alcohol a lot.

The word obsessed in Paragraph 2 probably means_____ .A.troubled

B.reduced

C.related

D.informed

Howard Hughes' parents died _____.A.when he was 16 years old

B.before he was 19 years old

C.after he got married

D.after he moved to California

From the passage, we learn what Mr. Hughes lacked in his life was _____.A.education

B.love

C.money

D.good looks

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Intel chairman Andy Grove has decided to cut the Gordian knot of controversy surrounding stem cell research by simply writing a check.

The check, which he pledged last week, could be for as much as 55 million, depending on how many donors make gifts of between 550,000 and 5,500,000, which he has promised to match. It will be made out to the University of California-San Francisco (UCSF).

Thanks in part to such private donations, university research into uses for human stem cells—the cells at the earliest stages of development that can form. any body part—will continue in California. With private financial support, the state will be less likely to lose talented scientists who would be tempted to leave the field or even leave the country as research dependent on federal money slows to glacial (极其缓慢的) pace.

Hindered by limits President Bush placed on stem cell research a year age, scientists are turning to laboratories that can carry out work without using federal money. This is awkward for universities, which must spend extra money building separate labs and keeping rigor cots records proving no federal funds were involved. Grove’s donation, a first step toward a $20 million target at UCSF, will ease the burden.

The president’s decision a year ago to allow research on already existing stem cell lines was portrayed as a reasonable compromise between scientists’ needs for cells to work with, and concerns that this kind of research could lead to wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos (胚胎), cloned infants and a general contempt for human life.

But Bush’s effort to please both sides ended up pleasing neither. And it certainly didn’t provide the basis for cutting edge research. Of the 78 existing stem cell lines which Bush said are all that science would ever need, only one is in this country (at the University of Wisconsin) and only five are ready for distribution to researchers. All were grown in conjunction with mouse cells, making future therapeutic (治疗的) uses unlikely.

The Bush administration seems bent on satisfying the small but vocal group of Americans who oppose stem cell research under any conditions. Fortunately, Grove and others are more interested in advancing scientific research that could benefit the large number of Americans who suffer from Parkinson’s disease, nerve injuries, heart diseases and many other problems.

31. When Andy Grove decided to cut the Gordian knot, he meat to ________.

A) put an end to stem cell research

B) end Intel’s relations with Gordian

C) settle the dispute on stem cell research quickly

D) expel Gordian from stem cell research for good