In view of different purposes, an exposition of cause-effect essays are usually classified into _______ types.

In view of the obstacles in launching new industries for which access to markets is a critical location factor, what kind of factories can developing countries attract? According to principles of economic geography, two other critical location factors remain: access to raw materials and site costs. In fact, new factories in Africa generally have been those for which either access to raw materials or a site factor is critical. Some African countries take advantage of proximity to raw materials. Mineral resources, such as bauxite in Guinea, uranium in Niger, iron ore in Liberia, and copper in Zambia, are processed for industrial uses elsewhere in the world. Also attracted to locations in developing countries are industries for which the most critical site factor is access to abundant, low-cost labor. For example, the textile industry still considers low-cost labor to be its most critical site selection factor. Consequently, textile manufacturers that migrated within the United States from New England to the Southeast earlier in the twentieth century because of low- cost labor have migrated again in recent years to Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Workers in developing countries are willing to work in textile mills for a fraction of the wages paid in any region of the United States, including the Southeast. The Bata Company, for example, has shoes factories in the Sudan, Zambia, Nigeria, the Ivory Coast, and Cameroon.

Transnational corporations have been especially aggressive at taking advantage of low-cost labor in developing countries. To remain competitive in the global economy, transnational corporations carefully review all steps in their production and identify those processes that can be performed by low-paying, low-skilled workers in developing countries. Given the substantial difference in the level of wages paid to workers in relatively developed and developing countries, transnational corporations find it advantageous to transfer some work to developing countries despite higher transportation costs. At the same time, operations that require highly sophisticated skills are performed in relatively developed countries. The transfer of some types of jobs to developing countries is known as the international division of labor.

The critical factors to be considered in building factories in developing countries does NOT include______.

A．site costs

B．access to markets

C．access to raw materials

D．availability of skilled workers

Questions 7-13

Reading Passage 1 describes a number of cause and effect relationships. Match each Cause (Questions 7-13) in List A with its Effect (A-J) in List B.

Write the appropriate letters (A-J) in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

List B: EFFECTS

A——The focus of pollution moves to the home.

B——The levels of carbon monoxide rise.

C——The world's natural resources are unequally shared.

D——People demand an explanation.

E——Environmentalists look elsewhere for an explanation.

F——Chemicals are effectively stripped from the water.

G——A clean odour is produced.

H——Sales of bottled water increase.

I——The levels of carbon dioxide rise.

J——The chlorine content of drinking water increased.

Industrialised nations use a lot of energy.

The Shipowner may do what is reasonable ______ any of these liens in view of the fact that they are possessory liens，i．e． they can only be enforced by retaining actual or constructive possession of the cargo．

A.to delay

B.to arrange

C.to sustain

D.to maintain

Requirements:

  Write an EXPOSITION about 200-300 words, expressing your opinions and making your comments on one of the following topics which are related to the text you have learned this term. You are required to think of a title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for the organizations as well as syntactic variety and appropriate word-choice.

  1. Pollutions, global warming, world weather, environment protection, etc..

  2. Language development over recent years

  3. Women status in society

  4. Comparisons of Everyday Use or Blackmail

The Tuscan town of Vinci, birthplace of Leonardo and home to a museum of his machines, should fittingly put on a show of the television-robot sculptures of Nam Jun Paik. This Korean-born American artist and the Renaissance master are kindred spirits: Leonardo saw humanistic potential in his scientific experiments, Mr. Paik endeavors to harness media technology for artistic purposes. A pioneer of video art in the late 1960s, he treats television as a space for art images and as material for robots and interactive sculptures.

Mr. Paik was not alone. He and fellow artists picked on the video cameras because they offered an easy way to record their performance art. Now, to mark video art's coming of age, New York's Museum of Modern Art is looking back at their efforts in a film series called "The First Decade". It celebrates the early days of video by screening the archives of Electronic Arts Intermix (EAI), one of the world's leading distributors of video and new media art, founded 30 years ago.

One of EAI's most famous alumni is Bill Viola. Part of the second generation of video artists, who emerged in the 1970s, Mr. Viola experimented with video's expressive potential. His camera explores religious ritual and universal ideas. The Viola show at the Deutsche Guggenheim in Berlin shows us moving-image frescoes that cover the gallery walls and envelop the viewer in all-embracing cycles of life and death.

One new star is a Californian, Doug Aitken, who took over London's Serpentine Gallery last October with an installation called "New Ocean". Some say Mr. Aitken is to video what Jackson Pollock was to painting. He drips his images from floor to ceiling, creating sequences of rooms in which the Space surrounds the viewer in hallucinatory images, of sound and light.

At the Serpentine, Mr. Aitken created a collage of moving images, on the theme of water's flow around the planet as a force of life. "I wanted to create a new topography in this work, a liquid image, to show a world that never stands still", he says. The boundary between the physical world and the world of images and information, he thinks, is blurring.

The interplay of illusion and reality, sound and image, references to art history, politics, film and television in this art form. that is barely 30 years old can make video art difficult to define. Many call it film-based or moving-image art to include artists who work with other cinematic media. At its best, the appeal of video art lies in its versatility, its power to capture the passing of time and on its ability to communicate both inside and outside gallery walls.

The birthplace of Leonardo is mentioned in the text ______.

A．to introduce the topic of the technology of video art.

B．to pay tribute to this Renaissance master.

C．to honor his contribution to scientific discoveries.

D．to outline the development of art television.