In view of the obstacles in launching new industries for which access to markets is a crit

ical location factor, what kind of factories can developing countries attract？ According to principles of economic geography, two other critical location factors remain: access to raw materials and site costs. In fact, new factories in Africa generally have been those for which either access to raw materials or a site factor is critical. Some African countries take advantage of proximity to raw materials. Mineral resources, such as bauxite in Guinea, uranium in Niger, iron ore in Liberia, and copper in Zambia, are processed for industrial uses elsewhere in the world. Also attracted to locations in developing countries are industries for which the most critical site factor is access to abundant, low-cost labor. For example, the textile industry still considers low-cost labor to be its most critical site selection factor. Consequently, textile manufacturers that migrated within the United States from New England to the Southeast earlier in the twentieth century because of low- cost labor have migrated again in recent years to Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Workers in developing countries are willing to work in textile mills for a fraction of the wages paid in any region of the United States, including the Southeast. The Bata Company, for example, has shoes factories in the Sudan, Zambia, Nigeria, the Ivory Coast, and Cameroon.

Transnational corporations have been especially aggressive at taking advantage of low-cost labor in developing countries. To remain competitive in the global economy, transnational corporations carefully review all steps in their production and identify those processes that can be performed by low-paying, low-skilled workers in developing countries. Given the substantial difference in the level of wages paid to workers in relatively developed and developing countries, transnational corporations find it advantageous to transfer some work to developing countries despite higher transportation costs. At the same time, operations that require highly sophisticated skills are performed in relatively developed countries. The transfer of some types of jobs to developing countries is known as the international division of labor.

The critical factors to be considered in building factories in developing countries does NOT include______.

A．site costs

B．access to markets

C．access to raw materials

D．availability of skilled workers