Environment has _______ over economic development.

The communists' preoccupation with economic growth and their whole attitude towards economic progress have been shaped by Marx's theory of long-run development of human society. This theory places economic development at the center of the entire social philosophy and it is impossible to study the Marxists' political, social and economic views without referring to it. Without the knowledge of this theory it is difficult to understand the communists' dogmatic belief in the superiority of their system, whatever are the observable facts, and their faith in the final victory over capitalism. Economic development has to lead, sooner or later, to socialism and communism and it is necessary to build socialism and, later, communism to make future economic growth possible. This principle is valid for all countries without any exception. They all have to proceed along the same path although they may be placed at different points of it at present. Such is the logic of history.

This theory, which is usually referred to as "historical materialism", "the materialistic conception of history", or "Marx's historical determinism", is believed by Marxists to be useful not only as the explanation of the past and the present but also as the basis for the prediction of the future course of history. As the final judgment on any prophecy has to be made in the light of the subsequent events, it is interesting to compare the developments since the theory was presented by Marx with the pattern which could have been expected on the basis of Marx's prediction. The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly such a comparison and to discuss the communist explanation of the disparity, which had appeared between the actual and the predicted course of events. The paper does not attempt to evaluate the philosophical aspects of the theory, its materialism, one-sidedness and methodological oversimplification. Similarly, the value of the theory as a summary of the past historical events preceding the time when it was presented by Marx and its merits and weaknesses as one of the numerous "stages of growth" theories are not discussed.

Marx's theory accepts as its basis that man's life is a conscious struggle with the natural environment, the struggle which takes the form. of production as "life involves, before everything else, eating and drinking, a habitation, clothing, and many other things". The process of production is the interaction between man and nature and it takes the form. of social labor. Man has to improve his instruments of production in order to master the natural environment but "the development of these instruments follows a definite sequence" as "each new improvement and invention can be made only on the basis of those that have preceded it, and must rest upon gradually accumulated production experience, the labor skills and knowledge of the people... ". Production is carried on as a social process, because "in the process of producing material wealth, people, whether they like it or not, find themselves in some way linked with another and the labor of each producer becomes a part of the social labor." These relationships among men are called the "relations of production". They exist independently of human consciousness and this gives them their materialistic character. They are determined by the level of development and the nature of productive forces. (546)

The author indicates that the typical communist ______.

A．is more interested in the success of communism than in the welfare of his own family

B．has the same fundamental interests as the non communist

C．has the authoritative--if not arrogant--opinion about the advantages of communism over capitalism.

D．is afraid to express his true beliefs for fear of punishment

In the new century, the Asia-Pacific economic development is faced with both opportunities and challenges. The region-wide and world economic slowdown and particularly the September 11 attacks have added to the difficulties and uncertainties of our regional economy. Having said that, I wish to stress that in the long run, the Asia-Pacific economic prospect is broad and bright. As long as we seize the opportunities brought by economic globalization and scientific and technological revolution, stick to open regionalism, enhance regional cooperation and adopt strong macro-economic measures to speed up restructuring, we will be able to overcome difficulties and open up new dimensions for growth and prosperity in our region. China cannot develop in isolation of the world, and the world cannot achieve global prosperity without the development of China. China is an important member of the Asia- Pacific and international community. Over the past 20 years, China has maintained a sustained, rapid and healthy economic development. An all-directional opening-up pattern is basically up and running. In the new century, we will continue to adhere to our independent foreign policy of peace, which is aimed at promoting world peace and stability, common growth and prosperity. We will continue to develop friendly relations and cooperation with the rest of the world on the basis of equality, reciprocity and mutual benefit. And we will continue to pursue the policy of opening-up, deepen the reform and devote ourselves to economic development. China’s economy will converge with that of the world faster with more solid strides. 13. What happens to the Asia-Pacific economic development in the new century?

A、It is faced with both opportunities and challenges.

B、It comes across with a lot of serious problems.

C、It develops smoothly and rapidly.

D、It opens up new dimensions for growth and prosperity.

T he plan has been over fulfilled by now.英译汉

The plan has been over fulfilled by now.

As the world’s most robust economic region, China has attracted worldwide attention with its remarkable achievement over the past decade.(英译汉)

A.volumes

B.vocabulary

C.vacuum

D.version

A．Nature changed our environment over the years.

B．We must avoid wasting resources and polluting our environment.

C．Our resources are nearly used up.

D．Trips to other planets will help eliminate pollution.