The history of Hakka earth buildings dates back to the _______ Dynasty.

Watercolor is the oldest painting medium known. It dates back to the early cave dwellers who discovered they could add lifelike qualities to drawings of animals and other figures on the wails of caves by mixing the natural colors found in the earth with water.

Fresco, one of the greatest of all art forms, is done with watercolor. It is created by mixing pigments and water and applying these to wet plaster. Of the thousands of people who stand under Michlangelo's heroic ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, very few are aware that they are looking at perhaps the greatest watercolor painting in the world.

The invention of oil painting by the Flemish masters in the fifteenth century led to a decline in fresco painting, and for the next several centuries watercolor was used mainly as a medium for doing preliminary sketches or as a tool for study. It was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that English painters reinstated watercolor as a serious art form. The English have a notorious love for the outdoors and also a great fondness for small, intimate pictures. The subdued tones of watercolor had a remarkably strong appeal for them.

What is the main theme of the passage?

A．The decline of fresco painting.

B．The predominance of oils over watercolor.

C．The rediscovery of watercolor in England.

D．The origins and development of watercolor.

The project manager must be concerned with building a closely knit team. During the project kickoff meeting, the project manager can get a good start at team building by providing the team with:

A . Proposed salary increases if the project is successful

B . Bonuses for early completion date

C . A promise of future assignments

D . Well-defined project objectives

E . Linear responsibility charts

Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the re- sources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of "scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination." The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, ma- chine tools, and machine parts.

Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.

Architecture

Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed worD．The best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history, of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

The renaissance brought about an entirely new age not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture, the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted, They remain dominant until the 20th century. Many kinds of stone are used as building materials. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and can be expected to endure. Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined now, because a number of other materials are more adaptable to industrial use. The complexity of modern life calls for a variety of buildings. More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings; they spend their income in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and when they are sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics. All these different types of buildings accumulate experiences needed by their designers. By the middle of the 20th century, modern architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex social needs. Important characteristics of modern architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. Advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all bad important effects.

第 23 题 Paragraph 2_________

A．Building materials

B．Need of greater building varieties in modern life

C．Restoration of ancient Civilizations

D．Evolution in style

E．Factors affecting modern architecture

F．A social art

Architecture

1 Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. The best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

2 The renaissance brought about an entirely new age, not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture, the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted. They remain dominant until the 20th century.

3 Many kinds of stone are used as building materials. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and can be expected to endure. Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more adaptable to industrial use.

4 The complexity of modem life calls for a variety of buildings, More people live in mass housing and go, to work in large office buildings; they spend their income in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and when they are sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics. All these different types of buildings accumulated experiences needed by their designers.

5 By the middle of the 20th century, modem architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex social needs. Important characteristics of modem architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. Advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all had important effects.

A Building Materials

B Need of Greater Building Varieties in Modem Life

C Restoration of Ancient Civilizations

D Evolution in Style

E Factors Affecting Modem Architecture

F A Social Art

Paragraph 2 ______ .