Joan and Mary both drive pickup trucks. Since Joan is a teacher, Mary must also be a teacher. What's the logical fallacy？

On a hot Friday afternoon in the last week of August, cars, pickup trucks, campers, and school buses slowly pull into a park on the edge of Fargo, North Dakota. Families carve out small pieces of territory around their vehicles, making the park into a series of encampments. As they have done for generations, American Indians of the Great Plains gather once again for an annual powwow. Donning their traditional clothing, Ojibwa, Lakota, and Dakota people assemble for several days of celebration and ceremony.

To an outside observer attending for the first time, this year's powwow may appear chaotic. Even though posted signs promise that dances will begin at four o'clock, there is still no dancing at five-thirty, and the scheduled drummers never arrive. No one is in charge; the announcer acts as a facilitator of ceremonies, but no chief rises to demand anything of anyone. Everyone shows great respect for the elders and for the dancers, who are repeatedly singled out for recognition, but at the same time children receive attention for dancing, as does the audience for watching. Eventually the program grows in an organic fashion as dancers slowly become activated by drums and singing. Each participant responds to the mood of the whole group but not to a single, directing voice, and the event flows in an orderly fashion like hundreds of powwows before it.

This apparent penchant for respectful individualism and equality within an American Indian group seems as strong today to a non-Indian observer in Fargo as it did five centuries ago to early European explorers. Much to the shock of the first European observers and to the dismay of bureaucratic individuals, American Indian societies have traditionally operated without strong positions of leadership or coercive political institutions.

Adventure novels and Hollywood films set in the past often portray strong chiefs commanding their tribes. More often, however, as in the case of the Iroquois people, a council of sachems, or legislators, ruled, and any person called the "head" of file tribe usually occupied a largely honorary position of respect rather than power. Chiefs mostly played ceremonial and religious roles rather than political or economic ones. Unlike the familiar words "caucus" and "powwow," which are Indian-derived and indicative of American Indian political traditions, the word "chief" is an English word of French origin that British officials tried to force onto American Indian tribes in order that they might have someone with whom to trade and sign treaties.

In seventeenth-century Massachusetts the British tried to make one leader, Metacom of the Wampanoag people, into King Philip, thereby, imputing monarchy to the American Indian system when no such institution existed. Thus while certain English settlers learned from groups like the Iroquois people how to speak and act in group councils, others simultaneously tried to push American Indians toward a monarchical and therefore less democratic system.

By the late 1600's the Huron people of Canada had already interacted for decades with European explorers and traders and were thus able to compare their own way of life with that of the Europeans. The Hurons particularly decried the European obsession with money. By contrast, the Hurons lived a life of liberty and equality and believed that the Europeans lost their freedom in their incessant use of "thine" and "mine." One Huron explained to the French adventurer and writer Baron de La Hontan, who lived among the Hurons for eleven years, that his people were born free and united, each as great as the other, while Europeans were all the slaves of one sole person. "I am the master of my body," he said, "... I am the first and the last of my nation... subject only to the great Spirit." These words recorded by La Hontan may have reflected the Frenchman's own philosophical bias, but his book rested on a solid factual base: the Huron pe

A．provide a narrative account to serve as an introduction

B．contrast American Indian social events with individual performances

C．create a sense of the permanence of some American Indian customs

D．inform. the reader about the nature of a powwow

听力原文： Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them.

First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find tile patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form. their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.

Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.

Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practise using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.

What kind of language are you learning.'? If you are successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques out-lined above.

According to the passage, what makes language learning easier for some people than for others?

A．Some people learn grammar more quickly than others.

B．Successful language learners use special techniques,

C．Some people have good teachers and good books.

D．Successful language learners are more intelligent than others.

听力原文：M: Hello, I' d like some information about the tour of the historic places tomorrow.

W: Sure, there are two different tours tomorrow. The first one is at 9 o' clock and the second one is at 2:30 and they both leave from the visitor's center next to the Royal bank building. Which time would you prefer?

M: Since I'm planning to go to Chinatown to buy some tea in the morning, I may not make it to the first tour. So I' d like a ticket for the second one if it is not sold out.

W: There are still a few spaces left. That would be 15 dollars. The bus will pick up participants in front of the visitor's center. I will lead that tour. So I' II see you tomorrow.

Who is the man probably talking to?

A．Tour guide

B．Tourist

C．Store clerk

D．Bank teller

听力原文： One of the great things about traveling around the world is all of the wonderful food you get to try. (29) Watch yourself when you start to reach for that food, though, or you just might offend someone. When it comes to table manners, what works in one country doesn't always go over in another.

The United States has its own special dining customs that visitors should know about before sitting down to a meal. For example, (30) when food starts to arrive, you can't just dig in. It's considered rude to start eating before everyone at the table has received his or her meal.

Once you start to chow down, it's important to remember to keep your elbows off the table and keep your mouth closed as you chew. Don't lean over and slurp from the plate on the table either. Food must be transported from the dish to your mouth with a fork or a spoon. (31) Never pick up your bowl or plate as you eat because this is especially considered rude beyond all belief.

It is also considered rude to pick between your teeth where others can see you. Some restaurants usually do not supply toothpicks, so it is sometimes hard to decide when to remove food stuck between the teeth. It is usually best to excuse yourself and go to the bathroom.

(30)

A．Remember your table rules.

B．Notice the different dining manners.

C．Prepare some toothpicks.

D．Don't remove the food stuck between your teeth.

What might the two speakers do before long?

A．Pick up their daughters,

B．Think of each other.

C．Call each other.