以下说法哪个是正确的？ Which of the following statements is true？

A、Iteration is a character of software engineering, especially object-oriented software engineering.

B、Spiral model is suitable for all software systems.

C、Waterfall model is successful even nowadays.

D、Synchronize-and-Stabilize Model is quite popular.

A、Class is a kind of abstract data type.

B、Data encapsulation is a feature of object-oriented paradigm.

C、Information hiding is a feature of object-oriented paradigm.

D、Encapsulation and information hiding mean that all the components in an object will be totally invisible from outside.

A、Rapid prototype helps software organization to collect what the client and users really need.

B、Rapid prototype cannot be discarded, i.e., programmer should develop the target system based on it.

C、Rapid prototype must be set up rapidly.

D、Rapid prototype was successful in the 1980s.

A、If all the developers are professional enough, management won't be needed.

B、The software development is not the mysterious technique of a certain individual labor, but should be the engineering of an organization of all kinds of people.

C、A software development team should include kinds of people.

D、Software project development is a team work.

A、Operation-oriented technique primarily considers both the operations and the data of the product.

B、An object is an instance of abstract data type.

C、The classical/procedural paradigm is inferior to the object-oriented paradigm.

D、In all object-oriented technique, data and operations are considered of the same importance; neither takes precedence over the other.

A.The top-down approach to budgeting will not ensure adherence to strategic organizational goals. 自上而下的预算编制方法不会保证战略性的组织目标得到很好贯彻

B.To prevent ambiguity, once departmental budgeted goals have been developed, they should remain fixed even if the sales forecast upon which they are based proves to be wrong in the middle of the fiscal year.为了防止捉摸不定，一旦设定了部门预算指标，这些指标就该保持不变，哪怕先前 引以为据的销售预测在年度中间发现是错误的。

C.With the information technology available, the role of budgets as an organizational communication device has declined.鉴于信息技术的便利，预算作为组织沟通协调手段的作用已经式微

D.Since department managers have the most detailed knowledge about organizational operations, they should use this information as the building blocks of the operating budget.鉴于部门经理对各 该部门营运的细节最为了解，应该利用他们掌握的信息作为编制经营预算的基础

A、a

B、b

C、c

D、d

解释下列每一个陈述正确的原因。讨论货币与财政政策在每一种特例下的影响。

  a．如果投资并不取决于利率，IS曲线是垂直的。

  b．如果货币需求并不取决于利率，LM曲线是垂直的。

  c．如果货币需求并不取决于收入，LM曲线是水平的。

  d．如果货币需求对利率极其敏感，LM曲线是水平的。

  Explain why each of the following statements is true. Discuss the impact of monetary and fiscal policy in each of these special cases.

  a．If investment does not depend on the interest rate, the IS curve is vertical.

  b．If money demand does not depend on the interest rate, the LM curve is vertical.

  c．If money demand does not depend on income, the LM curve is horizontal.

  d．If money demand is extremely sensitive to the interest rate, the LM curve is horizontal.

A、A set of use cases is written for each scenario.

B、Every use case has only one possible scenario.

C、A use case is an instance of a scenario.

D、A scenario is an instance of a use case.

假设人们有理性预期。而且经济是黏性工资或黏性价格模型所描述的。解释为什么以下每一种命题都是正确的：

  a．只有未预期到的货币供给的变动影响实际GDP。在工资和价格已经确定时，预期的货币供给的变动没有任何实际影响。

  b．如果美联储在人们确定物价和工资的同时选择货币供给，这样，每个人都对经济状况拥有同样的信息，那么，货币政策就不能系统地运用于稳定产出。因此，保持货币供给不变的政策与根据经济状况调整货币供给的政策有同样的实际效应。(这被称为政策无关论(the policy irrelevance proposition))。

  c．如果美联储在人们确定工资与价格之后决定货币供给，这样，美联储收集了有关经济状况的更多信息，那么，它就可以系统地运用货币政策去稳定产出。

  Assume that people have rational expectations and that the economy is described by the sticky-wage or sticky-price-model. Explain why each of the following propositions is true:

  a．Only unanticipated changes in the money supply affect real GDP. Changes in the money supply that were anticipated when wages and prices were set do not have any real effects.

  b．If the Fed chooses the money supply at the same time as people are setting wages and prices, so that everyone has the same information about the state of the economy, then monetary policy cannot be used systematically to stabilize output. Hence, a policy of keeping the money supply constant will have the same real effects as a policy of adjusting the money supply in response to the state of the economy. (This is called the policy irrelevance proposition.)

  c．If the Fed sets the money supply well after people have set wages and prices, so the Fed has collected more information about the state of the economy, then monetary policy can be used systematically to stabilize output.