________ engineer Richard Trevithick invented the first steam locomotive.

听力原文： In the early days of the railroads, horses pulled the trains. The trains had no power of their own. Richard Trevithik of England invented a steam-powered engine in 1804. Soon people were building railroads and steam engines all over the world. Because the steam engines did the work that animals used to do, people called them "iron horses".

Peter Cooper was a rich American businessman. He owned a lot of land near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He wanted the railroad to be successful. He built his own steam engine to drive along the railroad.

Most people traveled in coaches drawn by horses. A coach line challenged Peter Cooper to a race.

The day of the race came. At first the horse was winning the race. Peter Cooper's engine needed time to build up steam. He worked hard to make the train go faster. Soon he was catching up with the horse, he was going to win the race! Suddenly one of the parts of the engine broke. The train stopped. The horse rushed ahead. Peter Cooper lost the race.

Of course, that was not the end of the story. By 1870, railroad extended all across the United States. The "iron horse" had become an important part of American life,

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A．Because they were driven by steam power.

B．Because they did the work that animals used to do.

C．Because they pulled cars full of coal.

D．Because they were made of iron.

This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, "A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland," a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A．The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could some day become reliable time markers.

B．Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place.

C．Smith"s catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region.

D．Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks, it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers.

听力原文： I wonder how many of you would want to work in a tall building such as the Empire State Building if you had to climb 102 flights of stairs to reach the top. Not many, I imagine. If it were not for the invention of elevators, or lifts, tall buildings would be unusable.

The first lift was just a box suspended on a rope. Using a series of pulleys, a group of oxen or strong men would pull the rope and lift the box to a higher point. Lifts were used only for heavy materials, not passengers. Even in the nineteenth century, when steam power was used to operate the lifts, people didn' t ride them. They didn' t trust the rope that held the Box.

In 1853, Elisha G. Otis invented the first safe lift. He showed his invention in New York at the Crystal Palace Exhibition. At the exhibition, Otis was pulled up in an open box that was attached to two guide rails. When he was lifted far above the spectators, he gave the order to cut the rope. To the amazement of the crowd, the lift did not fall straight downward to the floor. Instead, it was held fast to the guide mils by a certain device. He had built powerful metal clamps on the carriage as a safety measure. The demonstration worked, end people have been riding as passengers in elevators ever since.

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A．Disadvantages of tall buildings.

B．Modern elevators.

C．The Crystal Palace Exhibition.

D．The invention of the elevator.

听力原文： I wonder how many of you would went to work in a tall building such as the Empire State Building if you had to climb 102 flights of stairs to reach the top. Not many, I imagine. If it were not for the invention of elevators, or lifts, tall buildings would be unusable.

The first lift was just a box suspended on a rope. Using a series of pulleys, a group of oxen ox strong men would pull the rope end lift the box to a higher point. Lifts were used only for heavy materials, not passengers. Even in the nineteenth century, when steam power was used to operate the lifts, people didn't ride them. They didn't trust the rope that held the box.

In 1853, Elisha G. Otis invented the first safe lift. He showed his invention in New York at the Crystal Palace Exhibition. At the exhibition, Otis was pulled up in an open box that was attached to two guide mils. When he was lifted far above the spectators, he gave the order to cat the rope. To the amazement of the crowd, the lift did not fall straight downward to the floor. Instead, it was held fast to the guide rails by a certain device. He had built powerful metal clamps on the carriage as a safety measure. The demonstration worked, and people have been riding as passengers in elevators ever since.

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A．Disadvantages of tall buildings.

B．Modem elevators.

C．The Crystal Palace Exhibition.

D．The invention of the elevator.

What did Owen's team find about the woman in the first experiment?

A．Her brain was active.

B．She gave creative responses.

C．She gave conditioned responses.

D．Her brain was damaged.

The coming of the railways in the 1830s transformed society and economic life by providing, for the first time, mass transport for passengers and goods. One man, George Stephenson, is sometimes called the "father of the railways" although he did not invent either the locomotive or the rails. The basic idea of a "railway" was an old one, mainly used in mines. In the sixteenth century, miners found it was easier to push their loads in a truck with wooden wheels over planks than to push it through mud and over rocks. Later they developed plateways, which were long pieces of iron fixed to the ground to channel the wheels along, in place of the wooden planks.

So these were the early rails, but what about the locomotives? Locomotive is short for locomotive engine, which means a self-propeled engine. Steam engines were well - known in mines and factories by the early nineteenth century, and some people had the idea of putting them on wheels as a substitute for human and horse power in pulling loads.

The first such locomotive was built by an English man called Richard Trevithick in the year 1804. His engine worked but there were serious technical problems. The locomotives were very heavy, for example and kept breaking the track. At this stage, they didn’t even offer any economic advantage. So locomotives didn’t really catch on then.

One early enthusiast, though, was George Stephenson, who had been doing various mechanical and engineering jobs at coal mines since he was a boy. He didn't have much formal education, but he was good at fixing things, from shoes to clocks to steam engines. He had devised on ingenious safety lamp for the mines, one that wouldn't cause explosions underground.

The engines at the mines were mostly stationary, fixed machines for pumping water or for winding or hauling loads by cables. But George Stephenson also built a number of experimental locomotives. That’s how he came to be involved, in september 1825, with the opening of an innovative railway line in northern England. Until then, the only railways had been small, private lines carrying coal or metal ores from mines to the nearest fiver or canal. The Stockton and Darlington railway was different. It was a public railway and for this new railway, George Stephenson designed a locomotive called" locomotion" which was used to haul passengers from the first day.

The idea of carrying passengers as well as freight was born and soon turned out, quite unexpectedly, to be a phenomenal success. The booming Industrial Revolution also meant a growing demand for goods trans port, which the railways were able to meet. But although railways were now becoming established, locomotives weren’t. They still faced competition from both horsepower and stationary winding engines. This is really where George Stephenson comes in.

The next big railway project was a fifty-kilometre line to link Liverpool and Manchester, again in northern England. The directions couldn’t decide which method of haulage they should go for. On the whole they favoured winding engines, stationed every two or three kilometres along the track. But Stephenson, who was on the board of directors, argued doggedly in favor of locomotives, and in the end they agreed to offer a prize to see if anyone could build one good enough to do the job. Stephenson entered the contest, of course -- he was competitive by nature anyway -- with a locomotive built by his son, Robert George him self was too busy surveying the railway line but Robert was also an excellent engineer and he designed a magnificent engine called the Rocket, the tree ancestor of the modem steam locomotive.

The most important feature of the Rocket was its multi - tube boiler. Instead of just one wide tube carry ing hot air from the furnace through the water of the boiler, beating it into steam, the Rocket had twenty five little tubes, which gave it a much greater surface area in contact

A．industrial workers

B．George Stephenson

C．the miners

D．the miner’s work

The inner voice of people who appear unconscious can now be heard. For the first time, researchers have struck up a conversation with a man diagnosed as being in a vegetative (植物的) state. All they had to do was monitor how his brain responded to specific questions.

"They can now have some involvement in their destiny," says Adrian Owen of the University of Cambridge, who led the team doing the work.

In an earlier experiment, Owen's team asked a woman previously diagnosed as being in a vegetative state to picture herself carrying out one of two different activities. The resulting brain activity suggested she understood the commands and was therefore conscious.

Now Owen's team has taken the idea a step further. A man also diagnosed with VS was able to answer yes and no to specific questions by imagining himself engaging in the same activities.

The results suggest that it is possible to give a degree of choice to some people who have no other way of communicating with the outside world. "We are not just showing they are conscious, we are giving them a voice and a way to communicate," says neurologist (神经病学家) Steven Laureys of the University of Liege in Belgium, Owen's partner.

Doctors traditionally base these diagnoses on how someone behaves: for example, whether they can glance in different directions in response to questions. The new results show that you don't need behavioural indications to identify awareness and even a degree of cognitive proficiency. All you need to do is tap into brain activity directly.

The work "changes everything", says Nicholas Schiff, a neurologist at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, who is carrying out similar work on patients with consciousness disorders. "Knowing that someone could persist in a state like this and not show evidence of the fact that they can answer yes/no questions should he extremely disturbing to our practice."

One of the most difficult questions you might want to ask someone is whether they want to carry on living. But as Owen and Laureys point out, the scientific, legal and ethical challenges for doctors asking such questions are formidable.

"They" in the second paragraph can be replaced by "______".

A．patients in a VS

B．researchers

C．monitoring machines

D．specific questions

1) Milling is carried out on a machine tool called a “milling machine” that is used for the shaping of metal and other solid materials. 2) Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is poured into a mold containing a cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. 3) Stamping is a metal working process in which sheet metal is formed into a desired shape by pressing or punching it on a machine press. 4) With current technology, the most effective method of CO ? capture from the flue gas of a PC plant is by chemical reaction with an organic solvent such as monoethanolamine (MEA), one of a family of amine compounds. In a vessel called an absorber, the flue gas is “scrubbed” with an amine solution, typically capturing 85% to 90% of the CO ?. The CO ? -laden solvent is then pumped to a second vessel, called a regenerator, where heat is applied (in the form of steam) to release the CO ?. The resulting stream of concentrated CO ? is then compressed and piped to a storage site, while the depleted solvent is recycled back to the absorber.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： In the earliest times, the only power that man had for making and moving things came from his muscles. Then he made wheels and sails which enabled him to use the strength of animals and the force of the wind to work for him. Later he invented some mills using the wind and other mills that used the power of running water to turn their wheels.

In the eighteenth century the steam engine was invented. This gave man a kind of power that he could use anywhere and at any time. The steam engine was ready to work as soon as steam was raised in the boiler.

James Watt's steam engine was the first that was really good. However, it was not the first steam engine, for Thomas Newcomen had built one about sixty years earlier. Many of Newcomen's engines had been in use, pumping water out of mines. However, they were clumsy and often broken down.

Watt was repairing one of these engines in 1765 when he saw what was needed to make it work properly. He worked for nine years on his ideas for the engine before it was good enough for him. His engines were built by Mathew Boulton and were sold to mines and factories. Soon they were pumping water and turning the wheels of mills in many parts of England.

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A．Because it was built by Englishmen.

B．Because it could work for man.

C．Because it could be used whenever and wherever it was needed..

D．Because it could turn wheel.