The Constitution of the United States, which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789, is the basic law of the land.

In many countries there is a fixed charge for personal services. A certain percentage may be【B1】to the bill at a hotel or restaurant. In other places the【B2】may be expected to give a tip, or small amount of money,【B3】services are performed. In the United States there is no consistent practice in【B4】to tipping. The custom is more【B5】in a large city than in a small town. In general,【B6】, a tip is expected by the porters by taxi drivers, and by those who【B7】people in hotels and restaurants.

When you pick up your【B8】luggage at an airport, you may tip the person who【B9】it to the taxi. He or she usually expects $0.50, a bag for this【B10】. A taxi may have one meter that【B11】the cost of the trip and another that shows a fixed【B12】, usually about $0.50, for "extras". However, the taxi driver usually expects a tip in【B13】to the "extra", especially if he or she【B14】your suitcase. This tip should be about 15 percent of the fare. In hotels it is customary to give something to the porter who【B15】you and your room. In case of doubt, 50c for each bag is satisfactory. In a【B16】you generally leave about 15 percent of the【B17】on the table as a tip for the person who has served you. If the【B18】is small, a tip is not usually expected.

The practice of tipping for other services is even more【B19】. In large cities one usually tips the barber, and sometimes the attendant in a restroom in a hotel.【B20】to the custom in some European countries, one does not tip the usher in a theater.

【B1】

A．added

B．excluded

C．considered

D．included

According to the passage, which of the following is an assumption that underpins most sociological theories on globalization?

A．Indigenous societies reject the process of globalization and do not perpetuate it on a smaller scale.

B．Existing systems of social transformation are ill-equipped to deal with the effects of globalization.

C．The beliefs and practices of indigenous cultures often involve the category of the other.

D．Globalization is the primary cause of social inequity in indigenous societies.

E．Education in indigenous societies is usually ineffective in achieving greater social good.

It's a classic mystery of the deep. Why does the hammerhead shark (双髻鲨)have the bizarrely shaped head from which it gets its name?

There have been a variety of suggested explanations. Some simply say that the sharks use their heads to "hammer" and pin down their favourite food. More plausibly, others have speculated that the wide lobes(圆形突出部分)of the hammerhead allow it to have longer electrorecep-tots, the organs that all sharks use to detect the electric fields produced by nearby prey. This might allow hammerheads to sense subtler electric fields from more distant prey than their narrow-headed cousins.

Now it turns out that the shark's head does indeed help it find and capture prey, but not in the way that zoologists expected. Stephen Kajlura and Kim Holland of the University of Hawaii at Manoa set out to test the conventional theory by tricking young sharks into chasing phantom (虚构的)prey. Using a system of wires on the bottom of a shallow pool, they set up electric fields that mimicked those created by the bottom-dwelling shrimp and fish that form. the sharks' usual diet.

Sure enough, hungry sharks abruptly turned towards an electric field when they detected it. But when the researchers measured the distance at which this happened they found it was the same for 13 young hammerheads as it was for 12 young sandbar sharks(沙堤鲨),which have normal-shaped heads.

The two types of sharks proved equally adept at sensing the electric fields: each was able to detect the source from up to 30 centimetres away. That ruled out any improved sensitivity from the wider head. However, the hammerheads enjoy another more prosaic(平淡无奇的)advantage: their wider heads let them sweep more than twice as wide a swathe of the seafloor as they swim, which must boost their chance of encountering food.

The researchers also found that hammerheads could turn more sharply when they detected the phantom prey. "They're a much more bendy shark , "says Kajlura, who is now at the University of California at Irvine. In part, that's because they have more slender bodies than the sandbar sharks. However, Kajiura has other unpublished data that suggests that the hammerheads' broad heads can act as fins to improve manoeuvrability(机动性).

So far, the researchers have only experimented with young sharks, so adult hammerheads may gain some other advantage from their head shape.

The passage is mainly about ______.

A．the different species of sharks

B．the differences between hammerhead and sandbar sharks

C．how hammerhead sharks detect their prey

D．special functions of the hammerhead sharks

Adam Smith, a writer in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England.

"One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head requires two or three distinct operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform. two or three of them."

Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4 800 pins a piece. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, they certainly could not turn out any pin, each of them have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one.

There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce, more of what they already have.

According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to______.

A．take advantage of the division of labor

B．explain the causes of the division of labor

C．understand the effects of the division of labor

D．introduce the division of labor into England

Adam Smith was the first person to see the importance of the division of the labor. He gave us an example of the process by which pins were made in England.

"One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, and a fifth gives it a head. Just to make the head requires two or three different operations. The work of making pins is divided into about eighteen different operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform. two or three of them.

Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4, 800 pins a worker. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, they certainly could not have made twenty pins in a day and not even one.

There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this, but he also took it for granted that division of labor is itself responsible for economic growth and development and it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new, it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.

According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to______.

A．take advantage of the physical labor

B．introduce the division of labor into England

C．understand the effects of the division of labor

D．explain the bad causes of the division of labor

Adam Smith was the first person to see the importance of the division of the labor. He gave us an example of the process by which pins were made in England.

"One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, and a fifth gives it a head. Just to make the head requires two or three different operations. The work of making pins is divided into about eighteen different operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform. two or three of them.

Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4 800 pins a worker. (79) But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, they certainly could not have made twenty pins in a day and not even one.

There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this, (80) but he also took it for granted that division of labor is itself responsible for economic growth and development and it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new, it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.

According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to ______.

A．take advantage of the physical labor

B．introduce the division of labor into England

C．understand the effects of the division of labor

D．explain the bad causes of the division of labor