Only humans have languages.

Communication is the sending of information or news from one person to another. If human beings could not communicate with one another, each person would have to learn everything for himself. Although animals as well as men can communicate, so far as we know, they can express only the simple emotions like pain, joy, fear, hunger, anger and love. Some animals have a more advanced form. of language using sounds, and others use a wide range of sounds and face movements, but we still have much to learn about these animal languages.

Speech is the most important means of communication between people. But it is not the only one. Nor is it the oldest. We use facial expressions, gestures and hand movements to express our feelings and to send signals to other people. Animals use this "body language" a great deal. The sign language used by deaf people is an example of communication without speech,while blind people communicate largely through touch and hearing.

According to the passage, what would happen to us without communication?

A．We should learn everything for ourselves.

B．We would become unable to speak.

C．We couldn't live happily.

D．We might have to do everything by ourselves.

Communication is the sending of information or news from one person to another. If human beings could not communicate with one another, each person would have to learn everything for himself. Although animals as well as men can communicate, so far as we know, they can express only the simple emotions like pain, joy, fear, hunger, anger and love. Some animals have a more advanced form. of language using sounds, and others use a wide range of sounds and face movements, but we still have much to learn about these animal languages.

Speech is the most important means of communication between people. But it is not the only one. Nor is it the oldest. We use facial expressions, gestures, and hand movements to express our feelings and to send signals to other people. Animals use this "body language" a great deal. The sign language used by deaf people is an example of communication without speech, while blind people communicate largely through touch and hearing.

According to the passage, what would happen to us without communication?

A．We should learn everything for ourselves.

B．We would become unable to speak.

C．We couldn't live happily.

D．We might have to do everything by ourselves.

Communication is the sending of information or news from one person to another. If human beings could not communicate with one another, each person would have to learn everything for himself. Although animals as well as men can communicate, so far as we know, they can express only the simple emotions like pain, joy, fear, hunger, anger and love. Some animals have a more advanced form. of language using sounds, and others use a wide range of sounds and face movements, but we still have much to learn about these animal languages.

Speech is the most important means of communication between people. But it is not the only one. Nor is it the oldest. We use facial expressions, gestures and hand movements to express our feelings and to send signals to other people. Animals use this "body language" a great deal. The sign language used by deaf people is an example of communication without speech, while blind people communicate largely through touch and hearing.

According to the passage, what would happen to us without communication?

A．We should learn everything for ourselves.

B．We would become unable to speak.

C．We couldn't live happily.

D．We might have to do everything by ourselves.

We can conclude from the passage that__________

A．only humans have the neo-cortex section of the brain

B．we know very little about the brain

C．Brain 3 is all we need to survive

D．we still have a lot to learn about the brain

They insist that a computer ______ only what our thinking humans have planned.

A．have done

B．be doing

C．do

D．does

Animals other than humans have not developed communications comparable to human language. But is it possible that other animals have the capacity to learn a language if they are adequately taught? Obviously, this is a fascination notion. The idea of communicating directly with another species has long been a part of human folklore and children’s fantasies. But on a scientific level, the question of whether animals can learn a language is important primarily because it relates to the controversy()between the cognitive and the learning approaches to language. If language is dependent on and is actually an outgrowth of the intellectual structure of the human mind, there is the strong supposition that only humans are capable of using language. Therefore, Noam Chomsky and other psycholinguists have argued that only humans can learn a language, while most behaviorists feel that with sufficient patience it should be possible to teach an animal some sort of language. Although the two schools of thought clearly differ on this point, it is not really a crucial test of the two theories. If a chimpanzee can master a simple language all it would mean is that the chimp’s intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to ours than we thought. It would not necessarily imply that our intellectual structure is unimportant in our own mastery of language. Thus, teaching an animal language is an impressive demonstration of the power of learning techniques, but it is not evidence that language is developed entirely through learning.On the other hand, the question of whether other animals can learn a language is fascination in its own right, aside from its value as a test of the two theories of language development. Accordingly, whatever one’s position on the theoretical dispute, we must consider training an animal to use language a dramatic accomplishment.

36.Which of the following statements is the view of psycholinguists?

A. The cognitive view of language learning says that only human beings can learn language because it is an outgrowth of the structure of the human mind.

B. Other animals simply could master a language.

C. The animals intellectual capacity is much better than human beings.

D. Language is developed by learning.

37.The behaviorists’ view is that __________.

A. language is actually an outgrowth of intellectual structure of the animal’s mind

B. animals have not developed communications system

C. given enough patience, a man should be able to teach an animal some sort of language

D. only human beings can learn language

38.That an animal can master a simple language means that __________.

A. human’s intellectual structure is not important

B. animals’ intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to the humans’

C. the learning techniques are much more important

D. language is developed completely by learning

39.The main idea of paragraph two is ___________.

A. teaching a chimp language is not crucial test of the two theories

B. their brain structure is not similar to human

C. using various methods to let the chimp master a language

D. training a nonhuman to use language is an amazing accomplishment

40.The best title for this passage would be _________.

A. Animals’ language

B. Human’s language

C. Teaching Animals’ Language

D. Can Other Animals Acquire Language?

Human relations have commanded people's attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. "Intuitive" knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior. whereas in the physical sciences such common-sense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still "know" how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still "know" when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the "whys" of much of the self's behavior. and feeling. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that "people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology."

Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, common-sense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loves to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically: why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.

According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because______.

A．intuitive knowledge of human relations is derived from philosophy

B．early scientists were more interested in the physical world

C．scientific studies of human relations appear to investigate the obvious

D．the scientific method is difficult to apply to the study of human relations

Because being aware of self-existence is the premise of episodic memory, only human beings have such kind of memory.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Supporters of the competing parental interest theory assume that:

A.only females have an interest in regulating the size of their offspring

B.only males have an interest in ensuring the health and survival of their offspring.

C.both males and females have an interest in producing as many offspring of their own sex as possible.

D.both males and females have an interest in transmitting their genetic material to as many offspring as possible.