（Expert System）是一种具有大量专门知识和经验的计算机智能程序系统。

B.具有分析能力

C.具有咨询功能

D.具有学习功能

E.具有教育功能

A．计算机辅助设计

B．人工智能

C．软件重用技术

D．面向对象技术

A．计算机辅助设计

B．人工智能

C．软件重用技术

D．面向对象技术

试讲题目

活动主题：认识计算机软件

1.说一说计算机程序。

计算机本身只能完成一些很简单的基本操作，如加法、减法、传送数据等。在计算机中，指挥计算机完成某个基本操作的命令称为指令。一台计算机有几十条指令，它们组成了计算机的指令系统。计算机无论做多么复杂和高级的工作。都是通过逐条地执行个指令序列来完成整个工作。这种排列成一定的执行顺序并能实现一定目标功能的指令序列，就叫做程序(Program)。

2.说一说计算机软件。

软件是指计算机程序、程序所使用的数据以及有关的文档资料等的集合，具有专门而完善的功能。例如，Word字处理软件具有完善的文编辑功能。

3.了解软件的分类。

软件包括系统软件和应用软件。为了用户方便地使用计算机。充分发挥计算机系统的功能，围绕计算机系统本身开发的程序叫做系统软件。如，操作系统(Operating System)软件(常用的有windows、Unix等)、语言编译程序、数据库管理系统等。应用软件是为了某种使用目的而专门编写的程序集合，常用的应用软件有字处理软件、办公软件、专用的财务软件、人事管理软件、计算机辅助软件、绘图软件、学校学生成绩管理软件等。软件具有知识产权，受法律保护。

创新活动

说一说你知道的计算机软件的功能

2.归纳、总结计算机系统的组成，将图3-1的空白处填写完整

3.基本要求：

(1)如果教学期间需要其他辅助教学工具，进行演示即可。

(2)要有小组讨论环节和教学评价环节。

(3)试讲时间十分钟。

答辩题目

1.简要说明计算机系统的构成。

2.选购电脑，一般需要关注哪些重要参数?

Computer Office System

??

计算机办公系统

??Computer office systems are computers and their peripheral equipment is used to create, store, process, or communicate information in a business environment. This information can be electronically produced, duplicated, and transmitted.

??The rapid growth of the service sector of the United States economy beginning in the mid 1970s has furnished a new market for sophisticated office automation. With the increasing incorporation of microchips and microcircuitry into office equipment^[1], the line between the computer and other equipment has blurred.

??At the same time, computers either stand alone or as part of a network and specialized software programs are taking over tasks such as facsimile transmission-or FAX, voice mail, and telecommunications that were once performed by separate pieces o.f equipment. In fact, the computer has virtually taken the place of typewriters, calculators, and manual accounting techniques and is rapidly taking over graphics design, production scheduling, and engineering design as well.

??During the first half of the 20th century, financial and other numerical record keeping tasks were performed manually or by bookkeeping machines, billing machines, tabulating equipment, and other types of electromechanical accounting devices. In the 1950s, such machines were increasingly replaced by mainframe computers-large, very expensive, high speed machines that required trained operators as well as a special temperature regulated facility to prevent overheating. Use of these machines today is limited to large organizations with heavy volume data processing requirements. Time sharing, allowing more than one company to use the same mainframe for a fee, was instituted to divide the cost of the equipment among several users while ensuring that the equipment is utilized to the maximum extent.

??Mainframes with remote terminals, each with its own monitor, became available in the mid 1970s and allowed for simultaneous input by many users. With the advent of the minicomputer, however, a far less expensive alternative became available. The transistor and microelectronics made manufacture of these smaller, less complex machines practicable. Minicomputers, the first of which entered general business use in the early 1960s, are now widespread in commerce and government. Terminals linked to the central processing unit (CPU) are under the direct control of the individual user rather than centralized staff. In recent years, however, it is the microcomputer, or personal computer (PC), that has come to play the principal role in most office workplaces.

??Desktop PCs have become increasingly affordable as a result of industry wide adoption of the architecture of the PC introduced in 1981. Although it has become feasible to provide virtually every office worker with a PC, it is more cost effective for PC users to share files and common peripherals such as printers, facsimile boards, modems, and scanners. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many companies began programs of linking or networking multiple PCs into a unified system.

??The local area network (LAN) was created in response to the need for a standardized system of linking computers together in a company. The most common method used to connect computers to a network is by means of coaxial cables. Newer generation networks use fiber optical connections.?When computers are not in close physical proximity, networks may use microwave radio or infrared radiation to link the computers. Microwave radio requires a dish antenna for transmission and reception; infrared radiation requires a lens for transmission and a mirror and lens for reception. Other methods used for wide area networking include telephone and communications satellite linkage.

??The need for computer connectivity has established the usefulness of the peripheral device known as the modem. Modems permit two computers to communicate by telephone in order to access databases, transmit files, upload and download facsimile transmissions, and send and receive electronic mail. Early transmission speeds using this equipment were relatively slow—300 baud^[2]. Some modems now operate at speeds of more than 50,000 baud and have error checking and data compression features.

??Text materials in typed or printed form can be input directly into a computer by means of a scanner. To read text, optical character recognition (OCR) software must first be used to convert printed documents electronically into computer readable files. Scanners obviate the need to rekey printed text in order to input it; they can also be used to input graphic material.

??

Computer Printers

??A considerable volume of office computer output is via the printer. Among the earliest printers used with PCs in business offices were daisy wheel and thimble printers, so called because of the shape of their printing elements^[3]. Although their type quality was comparable to that of a typewriter, they were slow and could accommodate only text, not graphic materials. As a result, they have been supplanted in most offices by dot-matrix, ink jet, and laser printers.^[4]The dot matrix printer may have a 9 or 24 pin print head. The pins impact the paper through a ribbon, creating patterns of dots in the shape of letters and numbers in multiple fonts and type sizes. The ink jet printer, an advance over the dot matrix, provides both high resolution (the higher the resolution, the better the print quality) and quiet operation. The laser printer represents an even greater advance. Similar in technology to a photocopier^[5], it offers speed, high resolution of 300 dots or more per inch, ability to reproduce complex graphics, and silent operation—all of which make it virtually essential for desktop publishing.

??

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

??E-mail has become a key part of the communication networks of most modern offices. Data and messages can be transmitted from one computer to another using telephone lines, microwave links, communications satellites, or other telecommunications equipment. The same message can be sent to a number of different addresses. E-mail is sent through a company's own LAN or beyond, through a nationwide or worldwide communications network. E-mail services use a central computer to store messages and data and to route them to their intended destination. With a subscription to a public E-mail network, an individual PC user needs only a modem and a telephone to send and receive written or vocal messages. Because of the huge amount of E-mail that can be generated, systems have been developed to screen mail^[6]for individual users.

??

Voice Mail

??A specialized type of E-mail system, voice mail, is a relatively simple, computer linked technology for recording, storing, retrieving, and forwarding phone messages. It is called voice mail, or voice messaging, because the messages are spoken and left in a voice mailbox. The telephone doubles as a computer terminal, but instead of presenting the information on a computer screen, the system reads it over the phone line, using prerecorded voice vocabulary. The systems are based on special purpose computer chips and software that convert human speech into bits of digital code. These digitized voices are stored on magnetic disks, from which they can be instantaneously retrieved. Callers are offered a menu of choices, and the messages they select are played; they can leave messages in voice mailboxes, or they can access huge computer databases.

??

Desktop Publishing

??Desktop Publishing is the use of a computer and specialized software to combine text and graphics to create a document that can be printed on either a laser printer or a typesetting machine. Desktop publishing is a multiple step process involving various types of software and equipment. The original text and illustrations are generally produced with software such as word processors and drawing and painting programs and with photograph scanning equipment and digitizers.?The finished product is then transferred to a page makeup program, which is the software most people think of as the actual desktoppublishing software. This type of program enables the user to lay out text and graphics on the screen and see what the results will be: for refining parts of the document, these programs often include word processing and graphics features in addition to layout capabilities. As a final step, the finished document is printed either on a laser printer or, for the best quality, by typesetting equipment.

??Notes

??[1] With the increasing incorporation of microchips and microcircuitry into office equipment: incorporation of sth. into sth. else = to incorporate sth. into sth. else, 意为“将……结合进……”。本句可译为：随着微型芯片和微型电路越来越多地进入办公设备，计算机与其他设备之间的界线已不那么分明了。

??[2] baud：波特(通信中的符号传输速率单位，每秒传输一个符号称为1波特)。

??[3] Among the earliest printers used with PCs in business offices were daisy wheel and thimble printers, so called because of the shape of their printing elements．本句为倒装句，原句应为：Daisy wheel and thimble printers were among the earliest printers used with PCs in business offices... "so called" 为形容词，引出状语，表示伴随情况，对主语进一步说明。

??[4] dot-matrix, ink jet, and laser printers：点阵，喷墨，激光打印机。

??[5] Similar in technology to a photocopier，...: similar to...: 与……类似或相似；类似于……。此处由形容词短语做状语，表示原因。

??[6] to screen mail：筛选或过滤邮件。

??Choose the best answer for each of the following:

Computer Systems Architecture^[1]

??

计算机系统结构

??1. Computer systems-the importance of networking

??Since there is not yet a universal definition of Computer Systems Architecture (CSA), interpretations vary. Student confusion increases because commercial terminology can be even more creative! Sometimes CSA appears in the hardware orientation of digital electronics; at other times it takes on the guise of a unified software specification for a family of computers. Rarely is the central importance of network facilities,^[2]both to the computer designer and to the end user, sufficiently acknowledged, even though we are all aware of its growing significance in society. Indeed, more and more computer science graduates become involved in the data communications industry, and would therefore benefit from grounding in this field. Thus an aim of this text is to place networks solidly within CSA.^[3]

??It is clear that computers and networks require both hardware and software in order to work. But the historical academic separation of the two poses a difficult balancing problem when presenting such a course.^[4]Both are equally important and strongly connected by their enthusiastic supporters. The distinction between hardware and software can be likened to the distant relationship between the formal team player, rigidly posed in front of the goalmouth, and the exciting unpredictability of the World Cup final.^[5]The static photograph of the players only vaguely hints at the limitless possibilities of the dynamic game. With the increasing sophistication of computer hardware, perhaps it is unfortunate that the taking-apart and exploration of old computers is no longer encouraged. The unexpectedly rising prices of electronic components, added to the need to have modern equipment to run the latest games, have resulted, for the moment, in a salesperson's dream. Unexpectedly, this trend, although attracting many more people to use computers, has had an adverse effect on the fundamental level of knowledge among computing undergraduates on entry to university. Although we cannot turn the clock back to the self- build hobbyist days of home computing,^[6]knowledge of the interaction of hardware and software is still useful, if not necessary, for anyone wanting to be fully involved in the professional use of computers.

??Curiosity about the computer systems which surround us, the Internet that frustrates us, and the mobile telephone networks that we increasingly rely on should drive us to investigate and question what is happening in the fields of software and electronics. The facilities that will become available to us in the next few years will depend largely on current developments in microelectronics and software design methodology. It is here that we can look for the future.

??Throughout this passage we will treat CSA as a study of the interaction of hardware and software which determines the performance of network computer systems. We will also try to show that computers can always be viewed as hierarchical ordered systems which can be broken down into simpler component parts in order to fully understand their operation.^[7]Unlike other areas of study, such as physics or chemistry, complex ideas can always be split into simpler concepts which may then be understood more easily. This progressive decomposition approach not only is useful when studying computers, but can also be invaluable when designing and building new systems.^[8]

??2. Hardware and software-mutual dependence

??Although it is widely recognized that computer systems involve both hardware and software, it is still rare for college computer courses to require you to have a comparable understanding in both fields. Perhaps the analogy of only eating half a boiled egg is appropriate-you risk missing out on the yolk. This separation, or specialization, has a number of serious negative results. When teams of developers are separately recruited as hardware engineers or programmers, the danger of an opposing split progressively opening up between the two camps is always present. Professional rivalry can arise through simple misunderstandings due to the different approaches and vocabulary used by hardware and software engineers. Problems, when they inevitably occur, can be blamed on the other camp and then take longer to resolve. Programmers sometimes find that unsuitable equipment has already been specified without consultation, and hardware designers can sit helplessly by as unsuitable software fails to exploit the performance advantages offered by their revolutionary new circuits.

??It has been claimed by some business analysts that hardware manufacturing will be of no great commercial consequence. The profit lies in programming: lead the world in the development of systems software! But it is now clear that in such a rapidly changing world, early access to new hardware designs gives the software industry an important marketing lead. The first software products to exploit some new hardware faculty have a clear leadership in the market-place. The neglect of the hardware side of the computing industry has never delivered any long-term advantage. Understanding basic principles and appreciating their application by modem technology within a range of current products is a central aim of this text. Programmers neglect developments in hardware at their peril. The opposite situation, where software is overlooked, can lead to similar failures. Consider the much greater commercial success of the PC since running the Windows operating system and the recent explosion in use of the Internet. Many excellent machines became commercial failures because of their sub-standard software. These well-rehearsed public examples can be added to and confirmed by thousands of private disasters which all underline the need to pursue hardware and software developments in concert. We now recognize that despite their technical superiority, computer systems can fail to win acceptance for many reasons, such as a poorly thought-out user interface, a lack of applications s.oftware, or an inappropriate choice of operating system.^[9]Many recent developments have arisen from a simultaneous advance in hardware and software: windowing interfaces are only possible through sophisticated software and powerful graphics cards; network connections are supported by autonomous coprocessors working with complex driver routines; laser printers became universally popular when the xerography print engine was supplemented by the PostScript interpreter.^[10]Many such examples demonstrate the value of keeping abreast of developments in both hardware and software. An increasing difficulty with investigating the interaction of hardware and software i.s gaining access to the relevant facilities. With large, multi-user mainframe computers it was understandable that the ordinary programmer was denied^[11]access to the hardware and critical software to protect other users. However, with the introduction of Windows NT such security constraints were introduced to single-user personal workstations, making it impossible to access the hardware directly. Only the operating system code has this privilege, while ordinary programs are forced to call "trusted" system routines to read or write to any part of the hardware.

??3. Programming your way into hardware

??A remarkable empirical law describing the rapid growth of silicon technology was proposed by Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel.^[12]His well-known rule, Moore's Law, states that the amount of circuitry (number of transistors) which can be placed on a given chip area approximately doubles every two years. A circuit designed 24 months ago can now be shrunk to fit into an area of half the size. Intel's original 4004 processor involved 2300 transistors, while the Pentium 4 has somewhere of the order of 42 million. The chip area had not increased by a factor of 2000! This capability to progressively shrink the size of electronic circuits could reduce the chip cost, because more circuits are processed on a single slice of silicon, but the technical advance has more often been exploited by enhancing the chip ' s functionality.

??Surprisingly, this law has held true since the early 1970s and is likely to stand well into the 2020s before the size of circuit elements become so small that quantum physics intervenes through Heisenberg' s uncertainty principle.^[13]Already the on-chip circuit interconnections are only 0.25 um long and the insulating layers can be as thin as a couple of dozen molecules. However, Moore's Law remains somewhat of a mystery, given that the underlying variables responsible for the trend are as diverse as the ability to maintain ultra-clean factory environments, reduction of international trade barriers, development of increasingly high-resolution technology and the marketing success of games consoles!

??Although the split between those concerned with hardware and those concerned with software is now deeply rooted, there are developments which might reverse this trend. As manufacturing techniques allow components to shrink in size, hardware engineers find it increasingly difficult to wire up "breadboard" prototypes because the circuits they are building have grown too complicated.^[14]In any case. the performance of the large-sized components which they can handle easily in a traditional way is not identical to that of the miniature equivalents which will make up the final integrated circuit that is produced.

??In the past there was a tendency for trained electronic engineers to migrate towards software, to pick up programming skills and to get involved in systems programming. Will this trend now be reversed？ Programmers, software engineers, trained to deal with large systems and complex specifications, may take the opportunity of contributing to the hardware design. This is another example of how hardware and software can come together through the tools and skills demanded by systems developers.

??Notes

??[1]Computer Systems Architecture (CSA)计算机系统结构。计算机系统结构是从外部来研究计算机系统的一门学科，一般说来，凡是计算机系统的使用者(包括一般用户和系统程序员)所能看到的计算机系统的属性都是计算机系统结构所要研究的对象。

??[2]Rarely is the central importance of network facilities……计算机设计者和终端用户很少能认识到网络设备的重要性。否定副词rarely放在句首表示强调，句子要倒装。例如：Rarely can he finish his work in time. 他很少按时完成作业。

??[3]Thus an aim of this text is to place networks solidly within CSA. 因此，本文旨在于计算机系统结构中打下坚实的基础。

??[4]But the historical academic separation of the two poses a difficult balancing problem when presenting such a course. 由于历史上两者的教学相互分离，开设这门课程，就出现了怎么样兼顾的问题。

??[5]The distinction between hardware and software can be likened to the distant relationship between the formal team player, rigidly posed in front of the goalmouth, and the exciting unpredictability of the World Cup final．计算机硬件与软件的区别，正如足球场上生硬地点在球门前准备射门的球员，与世界杯决赛的结果，扑朔迷离，难以预测。

??[6]Although we cannot turn the clock back to the self-build hobbyist days of home computing……虽然我们不能使时光倒流到自己组装家用电脑的年代……

??[7]We will also try to show that computers can always be viewed as hierarchical ordered systems which can be broken down into simpler component parts in order to fully understand their operation. 我们试图说明计算机是一个分级有序的系统，可以分解成更简单的组成部分，这样的话我们就可以更好地了解他们是如何运行的。

??[8]This progressive decomposition approach……这种循序渐进的分解方法

??[9]...such as a poorly thought-out user interface……例如一个缺乏深思熟虑的用户界面

??[10]...the PostScript interpreter... PostScript解码器……。PostScript是由Adobe公司所开发的页面描述语言，是一种桌面系统向输出设备输出的界面语言，专门为描述图像及文字而设计。PostScript是国际是最流行的页面描述语言，其最大特点是能够综合处理文字和图形、图像，也是事实上的工业标准。几乎所有的印前输出设备都支持PS语言，PS语言的成功也使开放式的电子出版系统在国际上广泛流行。

??[11]was denied access to the hardware……被拒绝使用硬件

??[12]Gordon Moore戈登·摩尔。1929年出生在美国加州，并在加州理工大学(CIT)获得物理和化学两个博士学位。1950s中期他和集成电路的发明者罗伯特·诺伊斯(Robert Noyce)一起，在威廉·肖克利半导体公司工作。后来，诺伊斯和摩尔等8人集体辞职创办了半导体工业史上有名的仙童半导体公司(Fairchild Semiconductor)。仙童成为现在的Intel和AMD之父。1968年，摩尔和诺伊斯一起退出仙童公司，创办了Intel。摩尔定律是指IC上可容纳的晶体管数目，约每隔18个月便会增加一倍，性能也将提升一倍。

??[13]Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. 海森堡测不准原理，又名“测不准原理”、“不确定关系”。该原理表明：一个微观粒子的某些物理量(如位置和动量，或方位角与动量矩，还有时间和能量等)，不可能同时具有确定的数值，其中一个量越确定，另一个量的不确定程度就越大。测量一对共轭量的误差的乘积必然大于常数h/2π(h是普朗克常数)是海森伯在1927年首先提出的，它反映了微观粒子运动的基本规律，是物理学中又一条重要原理。

??[14]...wire up "breadboard" prototypes……为电路实验板原型接通电源

Computer Office System

计算机办公系统

  Computer office systems are computers and their peripheral equipment is used to create, store, process, or communicate information in a business environment. This information can be electronically produced, duplicated, and transmitted.

  The rapid growth of the service sector of the United States economy beginning in the mid 1970s has furnished a new market for sophisticated office automation. With the increasing incorporation of microchips and microcircuitry into office equipment^[1], the line between the computer and other equipment has blurred.

  At the same time, computers either stand alone or as part of a network and specialized software programs are taking over tasks such as facsimile transmission-or FAX, voice mail, and telecommunications that were once performed by separate pieces o.f equipment. In fact, the computer has virtually taken the place of typewriters, calculators, and manual accounting techniques and is rapidly taking over graphics design, production scheduling, and engineering design as well.

  During the first half of the 20th century, financial and other numerical record keeping tasks were performed manually or by bookkeeping machines, billing machines, tabulating equipment, and other types of electromechanical accounting devices. In the 1950s, such machines were increasingly replaced by mainframe computers-large, very expensive, high speed machines that required trained operators as well as a special temperature regulated facility to prevent overheating. Use of these machines today is limited to large organizations with heavy volume data processing requirements. Time sharing, allowing more than one company to use the same mainframe for a fee, was instituted to divide the cost of the equipment among several users while ensuring that the equipment is utilized to the maximum extent.

  Mainframes with remote terminals, each with its own monitor, became available in the mid 1970s and allowed for simultaneous input by many users. With the advent of the minicomputer, however, a far less expensive alternative became available. The transistor and microelectronics made manufacture of these smaller, less complex machines practicable. Minicomputers, the first of which entered general business use in the early 1960s, are now widespread in commerce and government. Terminals linked to the central processing unit (CPU) are under the direct control of the individual user rather than centralized staff. In recent years, however, it is the microcomputer, or personal computer (PC), that has come to play the principal role in most office workplaces.

  Desktop PCs have become increasingly affordable as a result of industry wide adoption of the architecture of the PC introduced in 1981. Although it has become feasible to provide virtually every office worker with a PC, it is more cost effective for PC users to share files and common peripherals such as printers, facsimile boards, modems, and scanners. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many companies began programs of linking or networking multiple PCs into a unified system.

  The local area network (LAN) was created in response to the need for a standardized system of linking computers together in a company. The most common method used to connect computers to a network is by means of coaxial cables. Newer generation networks use fiber optical connections. When computers are not in close physical proximity, networks may use microwave radio or infrared radiation to link the computers. Microwave radio requires a dish antenna for transmission and reception; infrared radiation requires a lens for transmission and a mirror and lens for reception. Other methods used for wide area networking include telephone and communications satellite linkage.

  The need for computer connectivity has established the usefulness of the peripheral device known as the modem. Modems permit two computers to communicate by telephone in order to access databases, transmit files, upload and download facsimile transmissions, and send and receive electronic mail. Early transmission speeds using this equipment were relatively slow—300 baud^[2]. Some modems now operate at speeds of more than 50,000 baud and have error checking and data compression features.

  Text materials in typed or printed form can be input directly into a computer by means of a scanner. To read text, optical character recognition (OCR) software must first be used to convert printed documents electronically into computer readable files. Scanners obviate the need to rekey printed text in order to input it; they can also be used to input graphic material.

Computer Printers

  A considerable volume of office computer output is via the printer. Among the earliest printers used with PCs in business offices were daisy wheel and thimble printers, so called because of the shape of their printing elements^[3]. Although their type quality was comparable to that of a typewriter, they were slow and could accommodate only text, not graphic materials. As a result, they have been supplanted in most offices by dot-matrix, ink jet, and laser printers.^[4]The dot matrix printer may have a 9 or 24 pin print head. The pins impact the paper through a ribbon, creating patterns of dots in the shape of letters and numbers in multiple fonts and type sizes. The ink jet printer, an advance over the dot matrix, provides both high resolution (the higher the resolution, the better the print quality) and quiet operation. The laser printer represents an even greater advance. Similar in technology to a photocopier^[5], it offers speed, high resolution of 300 dots or more per inch, ability to reproduce complex graphics, and silent operation—all of which make it virtually essential for desktop publishing.

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

  E-mail has become a key part of the communication networks of most modern offices. Data and messages can be transmitted from one computer to another using telephone lines, microwave links, communications satellites, or other telecommunications equipment. The same message can be sent to a number of different addresses. E-mail is sent through a company's own LAN or beyond, through a nationwide or worldwide communications network. E-mail services use a central computer to store messages and data and to route them to their intended destination. With a subscription to a public E-mail network, an individual PC user needs only a modem and a telephone to send and receive written or vocal messages. Because of the huge amount of E-mail that can be generated, systems have been developed to screen mail^[6]for individual users.

Voice Mail

  A specialized type of E-mail system, voice mail, is a relatively simple, computer linked technology for recording, storing, retrieving, and forwarding phone messages. It is called voice mail, or voice messaging, because the messages are spoken and left in a voice mailbox. The telephone doubles as a computer terminal, but instead of presenting the information on a computer screen, the system reads it over the phone line, using prerecorded voice vocabulary. The systems are based on special purpose computer chips and software that convert human speech into bits of digital code. These digitized voices are stored on magnetic disks, from which they can be instantaneously retrieved. Callers are offered a menu of choices, and the messages they select are played; they can leave messages in voice mailboxes, or they can access huge computer databases.

Desktop Publishing

  Desktop Publishing is the use of a computer and specialized software to combine text and graphics to create a document that can be printed on either a laser printer or a typesetting machine. Desktop publishing is a multiple step process involving various types of software and equipment. The original text and illustrations are generally produced with software such as word processors and drawing and painting programs and with photograph scanning equipment and digitizers. The finished product is then transferred to a page makeup program, which is the software most people think of as the actual desktoppublishing software. This type of program enables the user to lay out text and graphics on the screen and see what the results will be: for refining parts of the document, these programs often include word processing and graphics features in addition to layout capabilities. As a final step, the finished document is printed either on a laser printer or, for the best quality, by typesetting equipment.

  Notes

  [1] With the increasing incorporation of microchips and microcircuitry into office equipment: incorporation of sth. into sth. else = to incorporate sth. into sth. else, 意为“将……结合进……”。本句可译为：随着微型芯片和微型电路越来越多地进入办公设备，计算机与其他设备之间的界线已不那么分明了。

  [2] baud：波特(通信中的符号传输速率单位，每秒传输一个符号称为1波特)。

  [3] Among the earliest printers used with PCs in business offices were daisy wheel and thimble printers, so called because of the shape of their printing elements．本句为倒装句，原句应为：Daisy wheel and thimble printers were among the earliest printers used with PCs in business offices... "so called" 为形容词，引出状语，表示伴随情况，对主语进一步说明。

  [4] dot-matrix, ink jet, and laser printers：点阵，喷墨，激光打印机。

  [5] Similar in technology to a photocopier，...: similar to...: 与……类似或相似；类似于……。此处由形容词短语做状语，表示原因。

  [6] to screen mail：筛选或过滤邮件。

  Choose the best answer for each of the following:

A.应用软件控制(application control)

B.组织控制(organizational control)

C.环境控制(environmental control)

D.系统控制(system control)