Mycenaean is the oldest known form of the Greek language. It was spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the Mycenaean period. The language is written on clay tablets in a scripts called______.

Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines: the Bug-Eyed Monster, embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive, is about to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde, curvaceous, scantily-clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In contrast to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and when it does, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction. Instead, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of human life that it considers make it well worth reading and studying ——for no other literary form. does quite the same things.

The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer must be, unfortunately, that there have been few attempts to consider this question at any length or with much seriousness; it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its characteristics. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it nor that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To Begin, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary sub-genre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follows the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily be modified and expanded, and probably changed, in the course of this exploration, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a point of departure.

The first point ——that science fiction is a literary sub-genre ——is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek's RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known; the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. To say that science fiction is a sub-genre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general ——that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.

Everything that can be said about prose fiction, in general applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, character, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man's nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.

Science fiction is called a literary sub-genre because ______.

A．it is not important enough to be a literary genre

B．it cannot be made into a dramatic presentation

C．it shares characteristics with other types of prose fiction

D．to call it a "genre" would subject it to literary jargon

Of the great variety of opinions concerning"marriage for money",the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development,but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection-so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives-does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons. For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives(though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive),in so far as society does not insist upon the couple,s equal social status-a condition,however,that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom,irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions,state of health,temperament,internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group,the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare. The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural cir-cum-stances is undoubtedly due,in part,to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficu-lty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Yet we do not possess any other crite-rion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But,happiness is a purely personal matter,decided upon entirely by the couple themselves,and there would be no com-pelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading—particularly in the higher strata,whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts—no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results.it remains true that,with reference to procreation,love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact,in this respect.it is the only fight and proper thing. Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia—the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities—a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money,the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness—just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together—and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.

According to the text,what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?

A．Personal dignity

B．Economic decline

C．Monetary considerations

D．Financial growth

Error is the grammatically incorrect form;______appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.

Which of the following is TRUE about the immigration reform?

A．It was proposed by a group of senators.

B．Mr Obama had carried out the reform.

C．Illegal immigrants would soon be given citizenship.

D．The reform. failed to improve the current system.

案例分析 Peter is the general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Jun Chen, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused some difficulties that required a lot of effort to fix. Jun Chen was very upset about what had happened, and came to Peter’s office to make a formal apology. Jun Chen went into Peter’s office after being told to, smiling before he spoke. “Peter, I’ve been feeling very upset about the trouble I’ve caused for the company. I’m here to apologize for my mistake. I’m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again.” Jun Chen said, looking at Peter with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office. Peter found it hard to accept the apology. He looked at Jun Chen, and asked, “are you sure?” “Yes, I’m very sorry and I promise this won’t happen again,” Jun Chen said, with a smile even broader than before. “I’m sorry I just can’t take your apology. You don’t look sorry at all!” Peter said angrily. Jun Chen’s face turned very red. What are the different interpretations for a smile by the two in this situation?

The development of writing was one of the great human inventions. It is difficult 【C1】______ many people to imagine language without writing; the spoken word seems intricately tied to the written 【C2】______ . But children speak 【C3】______ they learn to write. And millions of people in the world speak languages with 【C4】______ written form. Among these people oral literature abounds, and crucial knowledge 【C5】______ memorized and passed 【C6】______ generations. But human memory is short-lived, and the brain's storage capacity is finite. 【C7】______ overcame such problems and allowed communication across the miles 【C8】______ through the years and centuries. Writing permits a society 【C9】______ permanently record its poetry, its history and its technology.

It might be argued 【C10】______ today we have electronic means of recording sound and 【C11】______ to produce films and television, and thus writing is becoming obsolete. 【C12】______ writing became extinct, there would be no knowledge of electronics 【C13】______ TV technicians to study; there would be, in fact, little technology in years to 【C14】______ . There would be no film or TV scripts, no literature, no books, no mail, no newspapers, no science. There would be 【C15】______ advantages: no bad novels, junk mail, poison-pen letters, or "unreadable" income-tax forms, but the losses would outweigh the 【C16】______ .

There are almost as 【C17】______ legends and stories on the invention of writing as there are 【C18】______ the origin of language. Legend has it that Cadmus, Prince of Phoenicia and founder of the city of Thebes, 【C19】______ the alphabet and brought it with him to Greece. In one Chinese fable the four eyed dragon-god T' sang Chien invented writing. In (70)

myths, the Babylonian god Nebo and the Egyptian god Nebo gave humans writing as well as speech.

【C1】______