1. Christianity Christianity began life as a Jewis...

It was __________that "village life" began to take a sharp turn. 查看材料

A.about a century ago

B.during the two world wars

C.with electricity and motorcars introduced into the village

D.only recently

It was______that" village life" began to take a sharp turn.

A．about a century ago

B．during the two world wars

C．with electricity and motorcars introduced into the village

D．only recently

Since life began eons ago, thousands of creatures have come and gone. Some, such as the dinosaurs, became extinct due to naturally changing ecologic conditions. More recent threats to life forms are humans and their activities. Man has drained marshes, burned prairies, dammed and diverted rivers. Some of the more recent casualties of man's expansion have been the dodo, great auk, passenger pigeon, Irish elk, and Steller's sea cow. Sadly, we can no longer attribute the increasing decline in our wild animals and plant species to "natural" processes. Many species are dying out because of exploitation, habitat alteration or destruction, pollution, or the introduction of new species of plants and animals to an area. As mandated by Congress, protecting endangered species, and restoring them to the point where their existence is no longer jeopardized, is the primary objective of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Endangered Species Program.

Which of the following is a form. of man's habitat alteration?

A．Glacial encroachment.

B．Hurricanes.

C．Dammed rivers.

D．Snowstorms.

As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants in to American society.

The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, Unions, churches, and other agencies.

Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.

Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women. American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early twentieth-century, United States. However, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was ______.

A．the growing number of schools in frontier communities

B．an increase in the number of trained teachers

C．the expanding economic problems of schools

D．the increased urbanization of the entire country

Mary Anning (1799-1847) was a British fossil hunter who began finding【21】as a child, and soon supported herself and her very【22】family by finding and selling fossils. Very【23】is known about her life, but her father was a cabinet maker and he also【24】local fossils.

Mary【25】on the southern coast of England, in a town called Lyme Regis. Its famous【26】by the sea contain【27】fossil layers that【28】from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (the【29】of the dinosaurs, other bizarre reptiles, large insects, sea creatures,【30】mammals, and【31】life forms).

Mary Anning【32】and prepared the first fossilized plesiosaur (an ocean-dwelling reptile) and the first Ichthyosaurus (an ocean-dwelling reptile that【33】like a dolphin). She found many other important fossils, including Pterodactylus (a flying reptile), sharks (and other fish), and so on.【34】with her brother Joseph, Mary supplied prepared fossil specimens to【35】museums, scientists, and private collections.

(41)

A．cliffs

B．dinosaurs

C．fossils

D．museums

As the 20th century began, the importance of formal education in the US increased The frontier had mostly disappeared and in 1910【M1】______ most Americans had moved to live in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis at credentials and expertise make schooling increasingly【M2】______ important for economic and social mobility. Increasing schools were【M3】______ viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society. The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided to and contributed to【M4】______ an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Reformers early in the 20th century suggested that education programs suited the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women【M5】______ were one such population. Since looking after the house and family【M6】______ was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it has commonly included income-producing activities both inside and【M7】______ outside the home. In highly industrialized early-twentieth-century【M8】______ US, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers— cooking, shopping, decorating and caring children "efficiendy" in【M9】______ their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employers【M10】______ in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

【M1】

Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps much as 3 000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact, no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they--the plants are the only form. of life that is able to get and store energy.

The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae(海藻)which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce. Once their move to land had been made, however, evolution(进化)took place quickly. By the end of 100 million years, plants had developed their roots(根),and some had got tree- like forms since height was very important in gaining sunlight. About 300 million years ago, much of the world was covered with forests of huge trees. In most ways they were like modem trees. They had roots, leaves, wood, but mostly they had not developed seeds.

The main idea of the first paragraph is ______.

A．life on land probably began about 430 years ago

B．the first animal on land came from oceans

C．there wouldn't be animals without plants

D．plants are the only form. of life that is able to get and store energy

Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3, 000 mil lion years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact, no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. (76) They supplied the first land animals with food necessary to live, since they are the only form. of life that is able to get and store energy.

The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae(海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground near water and needed water in which to repro duce. Once the move to land had been made, however, evolution (进化) took place quickly. By the end of 100 million years, plants had developed their roots, and some developed tall tree like forms, since height was very important in competing for sunlight. About 300 million years ago, much of the world was covered with forests of huge trees. In most ways they were like modern trees. They had roots, leaves, wood, but mostly they had not developed seeds.

The main idea of the first paragraph is ______.

A．life on land probably began about 4, 300 years ago

B．the first animal on land came from oceans

C．there wouldn't be animals without plants

D．plants are the only form. of life that is able to get and store energy