Why did David Hawkes translate “ 怡红院 ” into the...

Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese.

When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for, as we all have observed, the beasts play. Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games. Fishes and birds dance. The apes have simple, pleasurable games. Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, trans-generational and trans-species bonds with the universe of animals—past, present, and future. Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run, wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh (or so it seems) to the point of delighted exhaustion. Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest. Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature. In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action. Hay is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life. This is a grand conception that excites and provokes. The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments—liturgy, literature, and law—can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children. Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, trans-species play impulse.

Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese.

When the leaders of media, telecommunications, IT and Internet companies congregate, as they did recently in Davos, the talk is upbeat about new accomplishments but subdued about recent ordeals: the dotcom bubble; the telecoms crash; the music industry bust; the advertising downturn; the e-publishing revenue stagnation; the PC slowdown; the wireless saturation; the semiconductor slump; the newspaper recession; tile R&D retrenchment. And the question is, why do these predicaments sweep over the information sector so regularly?

The prevalence of these problems points to fundamental issues beyond a specific industry or short- term period. Instead, we need to recognize that the entire information sector — from music to newspapers to telecoms to Internet to semiconductors and anything in-between — has become subject to a gigantic market failure in slow motion. A market failure exists when market prices cannot reach a self-sustaining equilibrium. The market failure of the entire information sector is one of the fundamental trends of our time, with far-reaching long-term effects, and it is happening right in front of our eyes.

The basic structural reason for this problem is that information products are characterized by high fixed costs and low marginal costs. They are expensive to produce but cheap to reproduce and distribute, and therefore exhibit strong economies of scale with incentives to an over-supply. Second, more information products are continuously being offered to users. And information products and services are becoming more "commodified", open, and competitive.

Translate the following English into Chinese. The Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway is a 1,318-kilometre long high-speed railway that connects two major economic zones in People’s Republic of China: the Bohai Economic Rim and the Yangtze River Delta. Construction began on April 18, 2008, and a ceremony to mark the completion of track laying was held on November 15, 2010. The line opened to the public for commercial service on June 30, 2011. This rail line is the world’s longest high-speed line ever constructed in a single phase.

A、summer drought

B、spread of new inventions

C、cattle froze to death

D、all of above

英译中 II . Translate the following passage into Chinese. Teachers in UK schools are trialling the use of body cameras in class to record bad pupils' behaviour, it has been revealed. At least two schools in England have introduced the equipment for constant recording with the consent of local education authorities. The cameras, worn on teachers' clothing, are set to film all the time but only save encrypted footage when the record button is pressed. The Times reported. Teachers are advised to turn on the cameras during incidents in the classroom to tackle "constant low-level disruption", but must give notice before doing so. Footage could also be shared with parents to involve them in addressing their children's behaviour. Feedback from parents and schools was said to be positive, with teachers praising them as an effective deterrent.

Translate the news into Chinese: The former chief executive of Volkswage Martin Winterkorn has been charged in the United States in relation to the diesel emissions scandal. Volkswagen admitted in 2015 to installing software in diesel vehicles to cheat in emissions tests. Mr. Winterkorn resigned over the matter, but denies knowing of any wrongdoing at the time. US prosecutors say he already knew a year earlier. He's accused of defrauding both the American government and millions of American consumers who bought VW cars, thinking that the emissions were lower than they actually were. And he's also accused of violating what's known as the Clean Air Act by making false representations to regulators. So these are four charges and really unprecedented in the US both in terms of convictions for generally any corporate executive and what certainly never happens is that a foreign chief executive gets charged in a suit of this scale.

Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. A MOOC is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web. MOOCs are a recent development in distance education and have now become a surging trend in higher education. In addition to traditional course materials, MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support interactions between students and professors. MOOCs can encourage communication among participants who bring a variety of viewpoints, knowledge, and skills to the course; and inspire people to "try on" subjects that they wouldn't otherwise pursue or even try on education itself

Translate the following paragraph into proper Chinese: First, you must picture to yourself that child, living quite solitary in a remote Chinese countryside, in a small mission bungalow perched upon a hill among the rice fields in the valleys below. In the near distance wound that deep, treacherous, golden river, the Yangtse, and some of the most terrifying and sinister, as well as the most delightful and exciting moments of that child's life, were spent beside the river. She loved to crawl along its banks upon the rocks or upon the muddy flats and watch for the lifting of the huge four-square nets that hung into the moving yellow flood, and see out of that flood come perhaps again and again an empty net, but sometimes great flashing, twisting silver bodies of fish.

Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. English is known as a world language, regularly used by many nations whose English is not their first language. Like other languages, English has changed greatly. The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods : Old English, Middle English and Modern English. The English language started with the invasion of Britain by three Germanic tribes during the 5th century AD, and they contributed greatly to the formation of the English language. During the medieval and early modern periods, the influence of English spread throughout the British Isles, and from the early 17th century its influence began to be felt throughout the world. The processes of European exploration and colonization for several centuries led to significant change in English. Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the popularity of American cinema, television, music, trade and technology, including the Internet.

Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Modern City In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.