请根据短文内容，回答题。

The Workers" Role in Management

Traditionally, it has been the workers&39; role to work and management&39;s role to manage.<br>

Managers have planned and directed the firm&39;s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers&39; opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor--they have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore,major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then play a stronger role in management?<br>

Workers should have a role in management. At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions.) Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days- notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.<br>

Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.<br>

It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making.<br>

There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm&39;s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive they must be given a share in the company&39;s profits. This can be done through employee stock ownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that managers__________. 查看材料

A.were not qualified.

B.seldom obtain workers"opinion.

C.dislike suggestion workers opinions.

D.never consulted the labor force.

Living on Water

Desperately short of living space and dangerously prone to flooding, the Netherlands plans to start building homes, businesses and even roads on water.

With nearly a third of the country already covered by water and half of its land mass below sea level and constantly under threat from rising waters, the authorities believe that floating communities may well be the future.

Six prototype wooden and aluminum floating houses are already attached to something off Amsterdam, and at least a further 100 are planned on the same estate, called Ijburg.

"Everybody asks why didn&39;t we do this kind of thing before," said Gijsbert Van der Woerdt,director of the firm responsible for promoting the concept. "After Bangladesh we&39;re the most densely populated country in the world. Building space is scarce and government studies show that we&39;ll need to double the space available to us in the coming years to meet all our needs."

Before being placed on the water and moved into position by tugboats (拖船), the houses are built on land atop concrete flat-bottomed boats, which encase giant lumps of polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) reinforced with steel. The flat-bottomed boats are said to be unsinkable and are anchored by underwater cables. The floating roads apply the same technology.

The concept is proving popular with the Dutch. "The waiting list for such homes, which will cost between euros 200,000,500,000 to buy, runs to 5,000 names," claims Van der Woerdt.

With much of the country given over to market gardening and the intensive cultivation of flowers, planners have also come up with designs for floating greenhouses designed so that the water beneath them irrigates the plants and controls the temperature inside.

A pilot project, covering 50 hectares of flooded land near Amsterdam&39;s Schiphol airport, is planned for 2005.

The opportunities for innovative developers look promising. "We have 10 projects in the pipeline- floating villages and cities complete with offices, shops and restaurants," Van der Woerdt said.

The Netherlands plans to start building floating communities on water because 查看材料

A.most parts of the country are covered by water

B.the country is constantly threatened by floods

C.it will promote the cultivation of flowers

D.people think it better to live on water

Racial Prejudice

In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has been taken for granted as a means of solving differences, and this is not even questioned. There are countries __________ (1) the white man imposes his rule by brute (粗暴的) force, there are countries where the black man protests by. __________(2) fire to cities and by looting and pillaging ( 抢劫 ). Important people on both sides, who would appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in __________(3) of violence as if it were a legitimate (合法的) solution,__________ (4) any other. What is really frightening, what really __________(5) you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch (关键时刻) , we have made no actual__________ (6) at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded__________(7) of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that __________(8) never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the blood and the suffering__________ (9) nothing. No solution ever comes to __________(10) the morning after when we dismally (阴郁地) contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.

The truly reasonable men who__________ (11) where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted__________ (12) their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into __________(13) acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at __________ (14) up the slums and ghettos (贫民窟) , improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would not have gone a long way to __________(15) at a solution.

_________ 查看材料

A.when

B.why

C.where

D.what

Read with Greater Speed

Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain.

At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects._________ (46)

Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study, 37 struggling readers received special tutoring.

Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (音素). _________(47)

By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year.

As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students&39; brains. _________(48) This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive.

A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests._________ (49) However, some researchers still doubt the study. _________ (50)

第46题__________ 查看材料

A.Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters.

B.The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling.

C.The biggest challenge for many of these kids， scientists say， is matching sounds with letters.

D.Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn"t show the same progress.

E.The pictures showed all increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side

F.They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.

Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?

When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they&39;re usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it good for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.<br>

Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy (树冠) of taller indigenous ( 土生土长的) trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren&39;t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.<br>

Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local wildlife habitat.<br>

Native birds nest and hide from predators (捕食者) in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.<br>

Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.<br>

Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly". Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we&39;re paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it&39;s worth it.

What is the main idea of this passage? 查看材料

A.Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee

B.Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce

C.Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee

D.People should buy shade-grown coffee

Approaches to Understanding Intelligences

It bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way. You may be a talented musician,but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different. Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities. Psychologists have two different views on intelligence. Some believe there is one general intelligence. Others believe there are many different intelligences.<br>

Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.<br>

These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests. They do well on tests using words,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests. Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.<br>

Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence. The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving. The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction. Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.<br>

Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children. He believes that all children are different and shouldn&39;t be tested by one intelligence test. Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn&39;t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling. He think that the human mind has different intelligences. These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life. Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences. Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.<br>

Gardner says that his theory is based on biology. For example, when one part of the Brain is injured, other parts of the brain still work. People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing. So, there is not just one intelligence to lose. Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence: linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic (身体动觉的) , and naturalistic.

What is the main idea of this passage? 查看材料

A.How to understand intelligence

B.The importance of intelligence

C.The development of intelligence tests

D.How to become intelligent

Teaching Is "One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK"

(1) The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary-school teaching (pupils aged 11-16), and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers, Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who say they would "seriously consider" teaching as a career has fallen sharply,from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.<br>

(2) The main drawback of secondary teaching according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs, and this means that fewer and fewer young people decide to be teachers. Joanne Manners,24, is a good example: "I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher -- but when I looked into the details, it became clear that teaching isn&39;t very lucrative(赚钱的) job these days. I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, and so I decided not to become a teacher."<br>

(3) It&39;s not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don&39;t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past. Here&39;s the view of Dave Hallam, an account from London, "I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers,"<br>

(4)"I love teaching; it&39;s my passion. I&39;ve been a secondary-school teacher of Spanish for ten years now, and although it&39;s a very demanding job, it&39;s very satisfying. When I see my students passing their Spanish exams, or singing along to Spanish pop songs, it makes me feel so proud," says Brian Jones, who works in a secondary school in London. So what does he think the government should reduce the burden of work on teachers, "I find that I always have too much work to do."<br>

(5) The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers&39; pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also suggests that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people. Another solution could be set a maximum number hours per week that teachers can work, in order to reduce stress on teachers. "Hopefully," the report concludes, "these solutions can improve the poor image of secondary teaching, and increase the number of young people who want to become teachers in the future."

Paragraph 1 __________ 查看材料

A.Students" bad behavior. and lack of discipline

B.Improvement of children behavior

C.Heavy workload on teachers

D.The problem of low salary

E.A report on teacher shortage

F.A nationwide publicity campaign

Style, Not Fashion

Style. goes way beyond fashion: It is the distinctive way we put ourselves together. It is a unique blend of spirit and substance-personal identity imposed oil and created through the world of things. __________ (46) It is what people really want when they aspire to be fashionable. (if they aren&39;t just adorning themselves in status symbols).

Through clothes, were invent ourselves every time we get dressed. Our wardrobe is our visual vocabulary. Style. is our distinctive pattern of speech, our individual poetry.

Fashion is the least of it. Style. is, for starters, one part identity: self-awareness and self-knowledge.

__________ (47) And style. requires security-feeling at home in your body, physically and mentally. Of course, like all knowledge, self-knowledge must be updated as you grow evolve; style. takes ongoing self-assessment.

Style. is also one part personality: spirit: verve, attitude, wit, inventiveness. It demands the desire and confidence to express whatever mood one wishes. Such variability is not only necessary but a reflection of a person&39;s unique complexity as a human being. __________ (48) In order to work, style. must reflect the real self, the character and personality of the individual; anything less appears to be a costume?

Lastly, style. is one part fashion. It&39;s possible to have lots of clothes and not an ounce of style.

But it&39;s also possible to have very few clothes and lots of style. Yes, fashion is the means through which we express style, but it takes fewer clothes to be stylish than you might imagine.

Whatever else it is, style. is optimism made visible. Style. presumes that you are a person of interest: that the world is a place of interest that life is worth making the effort for. It also shows that you are morally responsible. It shows that you don&39;t buy things at the whim of the marketplace or the urging of marketers. __________ (49) Style. exposes people&39;s ambivalence over good looks.

It always demonstrates that appearances do count. Deep down we suspect this, since we ourselves make judgments about others from how they look.

No one should be penalized for not having style, of course, but those who have it are distinctive and thus more memorable. __________ (50) They announce to the world that they are in command of themselves.

第46题____________ 查看材料

A.It is a way of capturing something vibrant， making a statement about ourselves in clothes.

B.Fashion is part of style.

C.Rather， you focus on what is personally suitable and expressive.

D.You can"t have style. until you have a sense of who you are.

E.They create a unique identity for themselves and express it through grooming and a few well-chosen clothes.

F.People want to be themselves and to be seen as themselves.

Estee Lauder Died

(1) The child of Central European immigrants who created an international cosmetics (化妆品 ) empire and became one of the most influential women in US, died on Saturday. Estee Lauder died at her home in Manhattan, New York City, a company spokeswoman said. She was 97.

(2) Born in Queens, New York in 1908, Lauder was the daughter of a Hungarian mother and a Czech father.

(3) Lauder began her business career by selling skincare products developed by her uncle John Schotz, a chemist, to beauty salons (美容院) and hotels. In 1930, she married Joseph Lauder who became her partner. The company, which became known as Estee Lauder, took off after World War II.

(4) In 1953, the company introduced its first perfume (香水), Youth Dew, the first of a range of fragrances that has now grown to more than 70. They include: Aramis, a line of products for men, launched in 1964; and Clinique, a range of odourless (无臭的) cosmetics, which followed in 1968.

(5) By the time she retired in 1995, Lauder was presiding over a multibillion-dollar enterprise,which now ranks number 349 in the Fortune 500 list of largest US companies. In 1998, she was the only woman to feature in Time magazine&39;s selection of the 20 most important business geniuses of the last century. There were two secrets to her success: her gift for selling things and her tireless energy and determination never to accept second best.

(6) Even after her retirement at the age of 89, Lauder remained closely involved. Beauty, Lauder believed, was the most important thing in life.

(7) She wrote in her 1985 autobiography, Estee, a Success Story: "In a perfect world, we&39;d all be judged on the sweetness of our souls. But in our less than perfect world, the woman who looks pretty has a distinct advantage and, usually, the last word."

Paragraph 2__________ 查看材料

A.Early career

B.Childhood

C.Products

D.Retirement

E.Cosmetics Empress

F.Birth

Political Spins

Last week, US White House spokesman Tony Snow sent journalists digging for their dictionaries. He called recent criticism by the former President Bill Clinton "chutzpah" ( 大胆放肆).

With just. one sentence, Snow managed to make headlines, a joke and a defense of President George W. Bush. Interestingly, this is how battles are fought and won in US politics--with carefully-worded one-liners ( 一行自幕新闻 ) made for TV which often lack substance and clarity (清晰度) .

"The amount of information that candidates attempt to communicate to people is actually getting smaller and smaller," said Mark Smith, a political science professor at Cedarville University.

This has been accompanied by a changing media environment, Smith said. In 1968, the average TV or radio soundbite (演讲中的句子或短语) was 48 seconds, according to Smith. In 1996, the average soundbite had shrunk to 8 seconds. Thus, politicians wanting publicity try to make their public communication as quotable as possible.

Campaigning politicians also use 30-second TV ads and clever campaign slogans to boost their messages. Republican presidential candidate John McCain rides to campaign stops in a bus named the "Straight Talk Express". McCain hopes the name will convince voters he plans to tell people the truth--whether it&39;s in fashion or not. Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton,on the other hand, has chosen the campaign slogan "Let the conversation begin". She hopes it will help her appear open-minded and friendly.

But one-liners, TV ads and campaign slogans all have a single key ingredient: something commonly called political "spin". Brooks Jackson, a former journalist and the current director of the non-partisan (无党派的) website FactCheck. org, calls spin "just a polite word for deception ( 欺骗) "

"I do believe that very often politicians believe their own spin," said Jackson. Strong partisans suffer from a universal human tendency: They ignore the evidence that would force them into the uncomfortable position of having to change their minds and admit that they were wrong.

Which statement is NOT true of one-liners? 查看材料

A.They are unclear

B.They contain a lot of information

C.They lack substance

D.They are carefully constructed