Tokyo has（）twice in the 20th century after the destruction of the earthquake and the Wo

A．The liberation of women in the early part of the 20th century.

B．The great advances in scientific knowledge and in medicine.

C．Different attitudes to religion, authority and tradition.

D．Changes of British attitudes toward marriage.

In the early part of the 20th century, physicians discovered that blood transfusions often failed because ______.

A．the blood type of the donor was not compatible with that of the recipient

B．the blood type of the recipient was not suitable for that of the donor

C．blood type A contains red blood cells that have a substance A on their surface

D．blood cells are necessary for blood transfusion

听力原文：Email captures the essence of life at the close of the 20th century with an authority that few other products of digital technology can claim. Email, ultimately, is a fragile thing, easy to forge, easy to corrupt, easy to destroy. A few weeks ago, a co-worker of mine accidentally and irretrievably wiped out 1,500 of his own saved messages. For a person who conducts most of his life online, such a digital tragedy is akin to erasing part of his own memory. Suddenly, nothing is left. He has lost himself as well as his links with others.

Which of the following is true, according to the passage?

A．Email shows more authority than other products of digital technology.

B．Email is as fragile a thing as it is convenient to its users.

C．Email can keep as many as 1,500 saved messages.

D．Email may help strengthen your own memory.

In the early 20th century films were ____.

A．not of the same sorts as shown in England now

B．of the same kinds as shown in France now

C．of the same sorts as shown in America now

D．so as to the same kinds as shown in Canada before

The whole nation was in the great impact of the earthquake and the ______ confusion.

A．consequent

B．related

C．consumptive

D．conspicuous

Rome's fire-fighting brigade remained until the fall of the empire in the 4th century. In the Dark Ages that followed, it was believed that fires were God's punishment of the people for the bad thing they had done. And from the 4th to the 14th century, men often did not try very hard to put out the fires that broke out. Many families were made homeless and there was much needless sufferings. It was not until the 1600s that towns and cities in Europe started their own fire brigades.

Fire hazards were many in this period. Homes were heated by wood or dried grass. They were lighted by candle flame or by oil lamp. Cooking was done over open fires. Sometimes villages, towns and even cities were completely leveled once a rue broke out in a house or in a shop. In 1600s almost all of London was burned down. This terrible fire started when a baker dropped hot coals on the floor. London burned for six days. The largest fire in the United States was in 1871. It mined most of Chicago. It is believed to have started when a cow kicked over a lamp in a cowshed.

Early fire fighters were not paid. They did not work full time. They all had other trades. It was not until about a hundred years ago that firemen were given money for their work.

Today modem equipment helps the trained firemen to do a much better job. Fire will remain a hazard, but the men of the fire departments all over the world will continue to lessen the dangers.

When file destroyed a home during the Dark Ages, people ______.

A．felt that the fire was a punishment given by God

B．wished the brigade had arrived sooner

C．tried to stop heating by dried grass or wood

D．tried to know how and why the fire started

听力原文： In the 18th century French economists protested the excessive regulation of business by the government. Their motto was laisser faire. Laisser faire means let the people do as they choose. In the economic sense, this meant that while the government should be responsible for things like maintaining peace and protecting property fights, it should not interfere with private business. It shouldn't create regulations that might hinder business growth, nor should it be responsible for providing subsidies to help. In other words, governments should take a hand off approach to business. For a while in the United States, laisser faire was a popular doctrine. But things quickly changed. After the Civil War, politicians rarely opposed the government’s generous support of business owners. They were only too glad to support government land grants and loans to railroad owners for example. Their regulations kept tariffs high and that helped protect American industrialists against foreign competition. Ironically in the late 19th century, a lot of people believed that the laisser faire policy was responsible for the countries industrial growth. It was generally assumed that because business owners did not have a lot of external restrictions placed on them by the government, they could pursue their own interests, and this was what made them so successful. But in fact, many of these individuals would not have been able to meet their objectives if not for government support.

(40)

A．Competition in business.

B．Government grants.

C．A type of economic policy.

D．International transportation practices.

In the late 20th century, information has acquired two major utilitarian connotations. On the one hand, it is considered an economic resource, somewhat on par with other resources such as labour, material, and capital. This view stems from evidence that the possession, manipulation, and use of information can increase the cost-effectiveness of many physical and cognitive processes. The rise in information-processing activities in industrial manufacturing as well as in human problem solving has been remarkable. Analysis of one of the three traditional divisions of the economy, the service sector, shows a sharp increase in information-intensive activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activities accounted for half of the labour force of the United States, giving rise to the so-called information society.

As an individual and societal resource, information has some interesting characteristics that separate it from the traditional notions of economic resources. Unlike other resources, information is expansive, with limits apparently imposed only by time and human cognitive capabilities. Its expansiveness is attributable to the following: (1) it is naturally diffusive; (2) it reproduces rather than being consumed through use; and (3) it can' be shared only, not exchanged in transactions. At the same time, information is compressible, both syntactically and semantically.

The second perception of information is that it is an economic commodity, which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth of a new segment of national economies-the information service sector. Taking advantage of the properties of information and building on the perception of its individual and societal utility and value, this sector provides a broad range of information products and services. By 1992 the market share of the U.S. information service sector had grown to about $ 25 billion. This was equivalent to about one-seventh of the country's computer market, which, in turn, represented roughly 40 percent of the global market in computers in that year. However, the probable convergence of computers and television (which constitutes a market share 100 times larger than computers) and its impact on information services, entertainment, and education are likely to restructure the respective market shares of the information industry before the onset of the 21st century.

The first paragraph is mainly about ______.

A．the remarkable rise in information-processing activities

B．a sharp increase in information-intensive activities

C．information as an economic resource

D．the birth of information society

The Economic Situation of Japan in the 18th Century

In the eighteenth century, Japan' s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords' failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords' control; Concentration of the samurai in castletowns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samuri had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform. administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords' income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in over- lords' income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly invitable outcome of hereditary off ice holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city' rice - brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.

It was difficult for individual samurai overloads to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan' s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government -owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.

Most of the country' s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun' s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyokin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns' search for solvency for the Government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.

The passage is most probably taken from ______.

A．an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales

B．the memoirs of a samurai warrior

C．an economic history of Japan

D．a modem novel about eighteenth - century Japan

Ernest Hemingway was one of the 20th century's most important writers. His simple, direct style. greatly influenced other writers.

Hemingway was born July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was a doctor. His mother was a singer who had given up her career to marry.

Ernest learned about nature, hunting, and fishing from his father, The Heminways spent their summers on Walloon Lake in northern Michigan, and Ernest was soon able to shoot, fish, and swim very well. He entered first grade a year younger than usual, so he had to work hard to keep up with his older classmates. Ernest read a great deal. He especially liked adventure stories and science. He learned to play the cello so he could take part in family concerts. In high school he got straight A's, edited the school paper, and played in the orchestra. Some of his stories were printed in the school annual.

After high school Ernest got a job as a reporter for the Kansas City Star. But World War I was on in Europe, and Ernest wanted very much to go. He tried to enlist, but his eyesight was too poor. So he joined the Red Cross and was sent to Italy. He was wounded when distributing supplies to frontline troops and returned home a hero.

He began writing for the Toronto Star and later became the paper's foreign correspondent. He and his first wife, Hadley Richardson, settled in Paris. One of their close friends was the writer Gertrude Stein. She discussed Hemingway' s work with him and encouraged him to do more creative writing. When the Star sent him to cover the war between the Turks and the Greeks, he knew what he wanted his writing to do. He wanted it to show the horrors of war so clearly that readers would experience the horrors themselves and would act to put an end to all war.

In 1923 Three Stories and Ten Poems was published in France. A second book of stories, In Our Time, appeared in 1924. Hemingway then decided to give all his time to independent writing. He began work on his first serious novel, The Sun Also Rises. Its motto was Gertrude Stein's remark, "You are all a lost generation." When it was published in 1926, it became a best seller.

Hemingway was divorced from his first wife and married Pauline Pfeiffer in 1927. They lived in Key West, Florida, where Hemingway did a great deal of deep-sea fishing while working on A Farewell to Arms (1929). The book was based on his war experiences in Italy. After it was published, the Hemingways went to Cuba for sport fishing. In later years Hemingway bought land in Cuba and lived there much of the time.

He went big-game hunting in Africa and wrote about it in the Green Hills of Africa (1935). The civil war in Spain became the background for his longest novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. (1940). The year it was published Hemingway was divorced a second time and married Martha Gellhorn, a journalist. As correspondents for Coller’s they followed World War Ⅱ in Europe. Hemingway took part in the D-Day invasion and the French Resistance. After his third divorce in 1945, he married Mary Welsh, whom he had met in London during the war.

In 1953 Hemingway's short novel The Old Man and the Sea (1952), about an old Cuban fisherman, was given a Pulitzer Prize. The book also brought Hemingway the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. Hemingway had been living in Cuba but he left in 1960 and settled in Ketchum, Idaho. He was ill and depressed. On July 2, 1961, he shot himself.

Ernest Hemingway's first book was published in______.

A．1923

B．1924

C．1926

D．1929