Park and Burgesss model has come to be known as the "concentric-zone model"（represented by

The word "outermost" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．most visible

B．best protected

C．farthest away

D．wealthiest

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the third zone?

A．It is the most expensive area in which to live.

B．It does not have factories and businesses.

C．People who live there travel long distances to work.

D．Most of the residents there work and live in the same zone.

is, areas such as occupational suburbs or residential enclaves in which the population is relatively homogeneous and land is used in similar ways without deliberate planning. Park and Burgess saw urban expansion as occurring through a series of "invasions" of successive zones or areas surrounding the center of the city. For example, people from rural areas and other societies "invaded" areas where housing was inexpensive. Those areas tended to be close to the places where they worked. In turn, people who could afford better housing and the cost of commuting "invaded" areas farther from the business district.

According to paragraph 4, why is the term "Loop" used in the concentric-zone model?

A．It indicates the many connections between each of the zones in the model.

B．It indicates that zones are often in transition and frequently changing.

C．It reflects the fact that the model was created with the city of Chicago in mind.

D．It emphasizes the fact that populations often returned to zones in which they used to live.

to develop a dynamic model of the city, one that would account not only for the expansion of cities in terms of population and territory but also for the patterns of settlement and land use within cities. They identified several factors that influence the physical form. of cities. As Park stated, among them are "transportation and communication, tramways and telephones, newspapers and advertising, steel construction and elevators—all things, in fact, which tend to bring about at once a greater mobility and a greater concentration of the urban populations."

Paragraph 3 indicates that all of the following are true of "natural areas" as conceived by Park and Burgess EXCEPT:

A．Use of the land in natural areas follows a consistent pattern but is generally unplanned.

B．People living in natural areas tend to have much in common.

C．Natural areas are usually protected from "invasion" by people in other areas.

D．Natural areas are an important basic component of the model Park and Burgess developed.

The author includes the statement by Robert Park in paragraph 2 in order to

A．establish the specific topics about which Park and Burgess may have disagreed

B．identify the aspects of Chicago"s development that required careful planning

C．specify some of the factors that contributed to the pattern of development of cities

D．compare the definitions given by Park and Burgess for the physical form. of cities

of sociology?

A．Their goals were supported by the research conducted later by sociologists.

B．Their approach led them to oppose empirical sociological studies.

C．They had difficulty establishing that their work was as important as sociological research.

D．They used evidence from sociological research to urge national leaders to invest in urban development.

the type of animal to which they relate. ONE of the answer choices will NOT be used. Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence. Humans Cetaceans BOTH Humans and Cetaceans Answer Choices [A]The ability to converse unaided with other species [B]A brain with a cortex [C]A set of vocal cords [D]The ability to use tools [E]The ability to locate objects by using echo [F]An enlarged portion of the brain for processing sound [G]An enlarged portion of the brain for processing vision [H]The ability to learn by observation

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about what Olmsted and Riis had in common?

A．Both constructed theories based on empirical research on cities.

B．Both were among a large number of newcomers to North American cities.

C．Both wanted to improve the conditions of life in cities.

D．Both hoped to reduce the rapid growth of large cities.

ans probably have a very different awareness and perception of their environment than do humans. Maybe one day we will come to understand cetaceans on their terms instead of ours, and perhaps we will discover a mental sophistication rivaling our own.

A．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

B．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning.The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

C．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning.The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

D．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning.The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

ies. Several bottlenose dolphins off western Australia, for instance, have been observed carrying large cone-shaped sponges over their beaks. They supposedly use the sponges for protection against stingrays and other hazards on the bottom as they search for fish to eat. This is the first record of the use of tools among wild cetaceans.

What does the author conclude about the intelligence of cetaceans?

A．It is not appropriate to judge cetacean intelligence in human terms.

B．Cetaceans probably possess a mental sophistication that is as complex as that of humans.

C．Although cetaceans may appear to be intelligent, they have fewer problem-solving skills than most animals,

D．Their ability to learn American Sign Language indicates that cetaceans have a high level of intelligence.

The word "hazards" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．objects

B．dangers

C．species

D．debris