The author includes the statement by Robert Park in paragraph 2 in order toA．establish the

of sociology?

A．Their goals were supported by the research conducted later by sociologists.

B．Their approach led them to oppose empirical sociological studies.

C．They had difficulty establishing that their work was as important as sociological research.

D．They used evidence from sociological research to urge national leaders to invest in urban development.

the type of animal to which they relate. ONE of the answer choices will NOT be used. Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence. Humans Cetaceans BOTH Humans and Cetaceans Answer Choices [A]The ability to converse unaided with other species [B]A brain with a cortex [C]A set of vocal cords [D]The ability to use tools [E]The ability to locate objects by using echo [F]An enlarged portion of the brain for processing sound [G]An enlarged portion of the brain for processing vision [H]The ability to learn by observation

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about what Olmsted and Riis had in common?

A．Both constructed theories based on empirical research on cities.

B．Both were among a large number of newcomers to North American cities.

C．Both wanted to improve the conditions of life in cities.

D．Both hoped to reduce the rapid growth of large cities.

ans probably have a very different awareness and perception of their environment than do humans. Maybe one day we will come to understand cetaceans on their terms instead of ours, and perhaps we will discover a mental sophistication rivaling our own.

A．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

B．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning.The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

C．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning.The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

D．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning.The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

ies. Several bottlenose dolphins off western Australia, for instance, have been observed carrying large cone-shaped sponges over their beaks. They supposedly use the sponges for protection against stingrays and other hazards on the bottom as they search for fish to eat. This is the first record of the use of tools among wild cetaceans.

What does the author conclude about the intelligence of cetaceans?

A．It is not appropriate to judge cetacean intelligence in human terms.

B．Cetaceans probably possess a mental sophistication that is as complex as that of humans.

C．Although cetaceans may appear to be intelligent, they have fewer problem-solving skills than most animals,

D．Their ability to learn American Sign Language indicates that cetaceans have a high level of intelligence.

The word "hazards" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．objects

B．dangers

C．species

D．debris

Scientific observations show that cetaceans are able to do all of the following EXCEPT

A．use natural objects as tools for self-protection

B．produce complex sounds through their blowholes

C．answer spoken questions

D．distinguish between very similar spoken sentences

ese dolphins have learned to communicate with trainers who use sign language to ask simple questions. Dolphins answer back by pushing a "yes" or "no" paddle. They have even been known to give spontaneous responses not taught by the trainers. Evidence also indicates that these dolphins can distinguish between commands that differ from each other only by their word order, a truly remarkable achievement. Nevertheless, dolphins do not seem to have a real language like ours. Unlike humans, dolphins probably cannot convey very complex messages.

The word "insights" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．examples

B．understanding

C．directions

D．discussion

ace, the cortex. The cortex is the dominant association center of the brain, where abilities such as memory and sensory perception are centered. Cetaceans have larger brains than ours, but the ratio of brain to body weight is higher in humans. Again, direct comparisons are misleading. In cetaceans it is mainly the portions of the brain associated with hearing and the processing of sound information that are expanded. The enlarged portions of our brain deal largely with vision and hand-eye coordination. Cetaceans and humans almost certainly perceive the world in very different ways. Their world is largely one of sounds, ours one of sights.

The word "spontaneous" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．sophisticated

B．sensible

C．appropriate

D．unprompted

h humans and other animals. Studies on discrimination and problem-solving skills in the bottlenose dolphin, for instance, have concluded that its intelligence lies "somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee." Such comparisons are unfair. It is important to realize that intelligence is a very human concept and that we evaluate it in human terms. After all, not many people would consider themselves stupid because they couldnt locate and identify a fish by its echo. Why should we judge cetaceans by their ability to solve human problems?

The word "dominant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．local

B．natural

C．chief

D．specific

somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee" not correct?

A．The human method of drawing comparisons is not relevant to animal intelligence.

B．Dolphins have actually been shown to be much more intelligent than chimpanzees.

C．The studies were not conducted according to standard research methods.

D．Dolphins do not typically demonstrate conditioned responses for humans to observe.