It was once believed that the brain was independent of metabolic processes occurring elsew

cells are injured?

A．The flow of electrical impulses through nerve cells at the site of the injury is broken.

B．The production of substance P traveling through nerve cells to the brain increases.

C．Endorphins begin to speed up the response of nerve cells at the site of the injury.

D．A flood of prostaglandins sensitizes nerve endings at the site of the injury.

E．Nerve cells connected to the spinal cord become electrically quiescent.

According to information in the passage, the term "de-skilling" refers to the

A．loss of skills to industry when skilled workers are replaced by unskilled laborers.

B．substitution of mechanized processes for labor formerly performed by skilled workers.

C．labor theory that automation is technologically comparable to skilled labor.

D．process by which skilled machinists "teach" machines to perform. certain tasks.

E．exclusion of skilled workers from participation in the development of automated technology.

Which of the following best expresses the authors main point?

A．Americans" pride in their jobs continues to give them stamina today.

B．The absence of a status quo ante has undermined United States economic structure.

C．The free enterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States.

D．The myth of the American free enterprise system is seriously flawed.

E．Fascination with the ideal of "openness" has made Americans a progressive people.

an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already produced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the o-zone layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to prevent these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

A．It is impossible to measure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as coolants in refrigerators.

B．In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necessary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions.

C．Replacement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and would be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.

D．Even if people should give up the use of refrigeration, the coolants already in existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone.

E．The coolants in refrigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigerators and reused.

they are to his mental and spiritual health. After all, he said, there must be something sound to any human practice that endures more than three thousand years of history. Which of the following, if true, is the strongest relevant objection to the argument the teacher makes on the basis of the time yoga has endured?

A．The teacher benefits by the teaching of yoga and so, as a beneficiary, is not a disinterested witness.

B．The practice of yoga has changed somewhat over three thousand years.

C．The teacher cites the experience of only one person, whose well-being might be due to other causes.

D．War, which cannot on balance be called sound, has lasted the length of human history.

E．Three thousand years is an underestimate of the time period.

ng the last ten years. The good health care that these people enjoyed in the United States during their vulnerable childhood years is primarily responsible for this trend. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the explanation above?

A．Seventy-five percent of the people in the United States who are 85 or older are the children of people who themselves lived less than 65 years.

B．The people in the United States who are now 85 represent an age group that was smaller in numbers at birth than the immediately preceding and succeeding age groups.

C．Thirty-five percent of the people in the United States who are 85 or older require some form. of twenty-four-hour nursing care.

D．Many of the people in the United States who are 85 or older immigrated to the United States when they were 20 years old or older.

E．Because of decreased federal funding for medical care for pregnant mothers and for children, the life expectancy of United States citizens is likely to decrease.

een are functionally illiterate. Therefore, if the projection that there will be 250 million United States citizens over sixteen in the year 2000 is correct, we project that 25 million of these citizens will be functionally illiterate. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn by the author of the passage above?

A．The percentage of high school graduates who do not go on to college has grown steadily over the past two decades.

B．From 1975 to 1980 there was a three-percent decrease in the rate of functional illiteracy among United States citizens over the age of sixteen.

C．Many United States citizens included in the 1980 survey would also be included in a survey conducted in the year 2000.

D．Surveys that are improperly designed usually provide inaccurate results.

E．In 1980 sixty-five percent of all United States citizens were over the age of sixteen.

percent in comparison with 1981 , the police chief of the city said, "We see here the result of the innovative police program put into effect in the city at the beginning of 19" Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn by the police chief?

A．Several cities that have recently increased spending for police programs experienced no decrease in crime in 1982, as compared with 1981.

B．The number of crimes committed in the city is estimated , by the same method each year, from the number of crimes reported.

C．The number of crimes committed in the suburban areas surrounding the city rose by about 5 percent in 1982 over the figure for 1981 and were nearly equal in number to those in the city in 1982.

D．The number of crimes committed in the city in 1982 was 10 percent higher than the number committed in 1972.

E．The size of the age group most likely to commit crimes decreased considerably in the city in 1982, as against 1981, because of a declining birth rate.

rning automobile traffic into the midtown area of the city has decreased seven percent. During the same period, there has been an equivalent rise in the number of persons riding buses into the midtown area. Obviously, the mayors publicity campaign has convinced many people to leave their cars at home and ride the bus to work. Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

A．Fares for all bus routes in Greenville have risen an average of five percent during the past six months.

B．The mayor of Greenville rides the bus to City Hall in the city"s midtown area.

C．Road reconstruction has greatly reduced the number of lanes available to commuters in major streets leading to the midtown area during the past six months.

D．The number of buses entering the midtown area of Greenville during the morning hours is exactly the same now as it was one year ago.

E．Surveys show that longtime bus riders are no more satisfied with the Greenville bus service than they were before the mayor"s publicity campaign began.

08,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis of those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian. Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?

A.Counting deaths among members of the armed forces who served in the United States in addition to deaths among members of the armed forces serving overseas.

B.Expressing the difference between the numbers of deaths among civilians and members of the armed forces as a percentage of the total number of deaths.

C.Separating deaths caused by accidents during service in the armed forces from deaths caused by combat injuries.

D.Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than comparing total numbers of deaths.

E.Comparing deaths caused by accidents in the United States to deaths caused by combat in the armed forces.