Our words are meaningless and cannot be distinguished from their opposites, as can be prov

r proportion of children living with only one natural parent than there was in 19Which of the following, if true, most strongly weakens the inference drawn above?

A．The number of marriages entered into by women twentyfive to thirty-five years old has decreased since 1940.

B．When there is a divorce, children are often given the option of deciding which parent they will live with.

C．Since 1940 the average number of children in a family has remained approximately steady and has not been subject to wide fluctuations.

D．Before 1940 relatively few children whose parents had both died were adopted into single-parent families.

E．The proportion of children who must be raised by one parent because the other has died has decreased since 1940 as a result of medical advances.

those people doing so intentionally, and some accidentally. When asked about appropriate punishments for those who had caused harm, the younger children, unlike the older ones, assigned punishments that did not vary according to whether the harm was done intentionally or accidentally. Younger children, then, do not regard peoples intentions as relevant to punishment. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion above?

A．In interpreting these stories, the listeners had to draw on a relatively mature sense of human psychology in order to tell whether harm was produced intentionally or accidentally.

B．In these stories, the severity of the harm produced was clearly stated.

C．Younger children are as likely to produce harm unintentionally as are older children.

D．The older children assigned punishment in a way that closely resembled the way adults had assigned punishment in a similar experiment.

E．The younger children assigned punishments that varied according to the severity of the harm done by the agents in the stories.

seventeen percent of the adults in the United States own jogging shoes, but only forty-five percent of the owners jog more than once a year, and only seventeen percent jog more than once a week. Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the claim that most consumers get little use out of the sports equipment they purchase?

A．Joggers are most susceptible to sports injuries during the first six months in which they jog.

B．Joggers often exaggerate the frequency with which they jog in surveys designed to elicit such information.

C．Many consumers purchase jogging shoes for use in activities other than jogging.

D．Consumers who take up jogging often purchase an athletic shoe that can be used in other sports.

E．Joggers who jog more than once a week are often active participants in other sports as well.

om their drab workroom to a brightly colored workroom. Both these workers and the 50 who remained in the drab workroom increased their productivity, probably as a result of the interest taken by researchers in the work of both groups during the study. Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt upon the authors interpretation of the study results given above?

A．The 50 workers moved to the brightly colored room performed precisely the same manufacturing task as the workers who remained in the drab workroom.

B．The drab workroom was designed to provide adequate space for at most 65 workers.

C．The 50 workers who moved to the brightly colored workroom were matched as closely as possible in age and level of training to the 50 workers who remained in the drab workroom.

D．Nearly all the workers in both groups had volunteered to move to the brightly colored workroom.

E．Many of the workers who moved to the brightly colored workroom reported that they liked the drab workroom as well as or better than they liked the brightly colored workroom.

o use the corporate helicopter, whose landing site is 40 feet away from the pond. To solve the problem, the corporation plans to import a large number of herding dogs to keep the geese away from the helicopter. Which of the following, if a realistic possibility, would cast the most serious doubt on the prospects for success of the corporation s plan?

A．The dogs will form. an uncontrollable pack.

B．The dogs will require training to learn to herd the geese.

C．The dogs will frighten away foxes that prey on old and sick geese.

D．It will be necessary to keep the dogs in quarantine for 30 days after importing them.

E．Some of the geese will move to the pond of another corporation in order to avoid being herded by the dogs.

teel. Although the steel thus produced earns more foreign exchange than it costs, that policy is foolish. Country Y s own territory has vast deposits of iron ore, which can be mined with minimal expenditure of foreign exchange. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Country Y s policy of buying scrap iron abroad?

A．The price of scrap iron international markets rose significantly in 1987.

B．Country Y"s foreign-exchange reserves dropped significantly in 1987.

C．There is virtually no difference in quality between steel produced from scrap iron and that produced from iron ore.

D．Scrap iron is now used in the production of roughly half the steel used in the world today, and experts predict that scrap iron will be used even more extensively in the future.

E．Furnaces that process scrap iron can be built and operated in Country Y with substantially less foreign exchange than can furnaces that process iron ore.

of Town S are better informed about major world events than are the citizens of Town T. Each of the following, if true, weakens the conclusion above EXCEPT:

A．Town S has a larger population than Town T.

B．Most citizens of Town T work in Town S and buy their newspapers there.

C．The average citizen of Town S spends less time reading newspapers than does the average citizen of Town T.

D．A weekly newspaper restricted to the coverage of local events is published in Town S.

E．The average newsstand price of newspapers sold in Town S is lower than the average price of newspapers sold in Town T.

ersonality. A new study, however, has shown that there is more similarity in personality between identical twins raised together than between non-identical twins raised together. The study concluded that genetics, therefore, does play an important role in determining personality. Which of the following, if found to be true, would cast the most doubt on the studys conclusion?

A．Identical twins raised separately in different adoptive families are usually more similar in personality than are nonidentical twins raised separately in different adoptive families.

B．No matter how twins behave, parents treat identical twins in ways that tend to elicit similar personality traits but do not treat nonidentical twins in such ways.

C．Parents of both identical and nonidentical twins have long claimed that their children, from early infanthood, had definite and well-established personality traits.

D．Birth parents and their identical twin children tend to become more similar to each other in personality over time, but adoptive parents and their identical twin children do not.

E．Neither identical nor nonidentical twins are likely to display drastic changes in their individual personalities as they grow up.

s toward children always signifies acceptance and a second set always signifies rejection, for there is remarkable agreement among investigators about the maternal behaviors designated as indicative of these parental attitudes. The conclusion of the psychologists mentioned above logically depends on the assumption that

A．most maternal behaviors have been interpreted as conveying either acceptance or rejection.

B．the maternal behaviors indicating acceptance or rejection are exhibited by fathers as well.

C．the behaviors of fathers toward children have been studied as carefully as have the behaviors of mothers.

D．acceptance and rejection are the easiest to recognize of all parental behaviors.

E．parental attitudes are best conveyed through behaviors that the parents have consciously agreed on.

ence in criminal trials if the judge and jury can be persuaded that the arresting officer was not aware of violating or did not intend to violate the law while seizing the evidence. This proposed "good-faith exception" would weaken everyones constitutional protection, lead to less careful police practices, and promote lying by law enforcement officers in court. The argument above for maintaining the prohibition against illegally obtained evidence assumes that

A．defendants in criminal cases should enjoy greater protection from the law than other citizens do.

B．law enforcement authorities need to be encouraged to pursue criminals assiduously.

C．the legal system will usually find ways to ensure that real crimes do not go unprosecuted.

D．the prohibition now deters some unlawful searches and seizures.

E．courts should consider the motives of law enforcement officers in deciding whether evidence brought forward by the officers is admissible in a trial.