It can be inferred from the passage that factors making women uniquely valuable members of

uthor most likely agree?

A．The efficiency levels of the Japanese automakers will decline if they become less flexible in their approach to production.

B．Japanese automakers productivity levels double during the late 1990"s.

C．United States automakers will originate net production processes before Japanese automakers do.

D．Japanese automakers will hire fewer workers than will United States automakers because each worker is required to perform. several jobs.

E．Japanese automakers will spend less on equipment repairs than will United States automakers because Japanese equipment can be easily altered.

e lots of cars is which of the following?

A．The need to manufacture flexible machinery and equipment.

B．The need to store extra components not required for immediate use.

C．The need for expensive training programs for workers, which emphasize the development of facility in several production jobs.

D．The need to alter conventional mass-production processes.

E．The need to increase the investment per vehicle in order to achieve high productivity levels.

ed in the passage?

A．After an injection of novocaine, a patient has no feeling in the area where the injection was given.

B．After taking ibuprofen, a person with a headache gets quick relief.

C．After receiving a local anesthetic, an injured person reports relief in the anesthetized area.

D．After being given aspirin, a child with a badly scraped elbow feels better.

E．After acupuncture, a patient with chronic back pain reports that the pain is much less severe.

y, or, for that matter, in any one place in the nerves or brain. Rather, pain signals—and pain relief—are delivered through a highly complex interacting circuitry. When a cell is injured, a rush of prostaglandin s sensitizes nerve endings at the injury. Prostaglandins are chemicals produced in and released from virtually all mammalian cells when they are injured: these are the only pain signals that do not originate in the nervous sys- tern. Aspirin and other similar drugs(such as indomethacin and ibuprofen)keep prostaglandins from being made by interfering with an enzyme known as prostaglandin synthetase, or cyclooxy- genase. The drugs effectiveness against pain is proportional to their success in blocking this enzyme at the site of injury. From nerve endings at the injury, pain signals move to nerves feeding into the spinal cord. The long, tubular membranes of nerve cells carry electrical impulses. When electrical impulses get to the spinal cord, a pain-signaling chemical known as substance P is released there. Substance P then excites nearby neurons to send impulses to the brain. Local anesthetics such as novo-caine and xylocaine work by blocking the electrical transmission along nerves in a particular area. They inhibit the flow of sodium ions through the membranes, making the nerves electrically quiescent; thus no pain signals are sent to the spinal cord or to the brain. Recent discoveries in the study of pain have involved the brain itself—the supervising organ that notices pain signals and that sends messages down to the spinal cord to regulate incoming pain traffic. Endorphins-—the brain s own morphine—are a class of small peptides that help to block pain signals within the brain itself. The presence of endor- phins may also help to explain differences in response to pain signals, since individuals seem to differ in their ability to produce endorphins. It now appears that a number of techniques for blocking chronic pain—such as acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the central brain stem—involve the release of endorphins in the brain and spinal cord.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A．analyzing ways that enzymes and other chemicals influence how the body feels pain.

B．describing the presence of endorphins in the brain and discussing ways the body blocks pain within the brain itself.

C．describing how pain signals are conveyed in the body and discussing ways in which the pain signals can be blocked.

D．demonstrating that pain can be influenced by acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the central brain stem.

E．differentiating the kinds of pain that occur at different points in the body" s nervous system.

ricans could result in

A．increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field.

B．an increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies.

C．increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture.

D．the use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies.

E．the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies.

vior. displays serve the function of

A．determining roosting aggregations.

B．locating food.

C．attracting predators.

D．regulating sexual activity.

E．triggering hormonal changes.

ulation control have not yet been able to

A．use their theory to explain the population growth of organisms with short life cycles.

B．reproduce the results of the study of Christian and Davis.

C．explain adequately why the numbers of a population can increase as the population"s rate of growth decreases.

D．make sufficiently accurate predictions about the effects of crowding.

E．demonstrate how predator populations are themselves regulated.

Perhaps because early humans evolved as hunters on the hot African savannas. Humans developed the ability to release heat by sweating, but most mammals must pant, a function hard to regulate while running. Also, four-legged animals must adopt a pace that lets them breathe once in mid-stride; otherwise, the impact of the front legs hitting the ground will prevent deep inhalation. Humans can vary the number of breaths per stride, set a pace unsuited to the prey, and so eventually exhaust it. The authors explanation of why human beings have evolved as superior distance runners would be most weakened if it were shown that

A．early humans typically hunted animals that were less well adapted than humans for long-distance running.

B．early humans were only one of a number of species that hunted prey on the African savannas.

C．early humans hunted mainly in groups by sneaking up on prey and trapping it within a circle.

D．hunting was just as essential for later humans in colder climates as it was for early humans on the African savannas.

E．human beings of today have retained the ability to run long distances but no longer hunt by chasing prey.

kets sold last year were sold to the age group under twenty-five years of age, representing twenty-seven percent of the population. However, the number of individuals under twenty-five will steadily decline during the next decade. Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the prediction above regarding future movie-ticket sales?

A.Medical advances have lowered the mortality rates for those who are forty to sixty years of age.

B.Many people gradually lose interest in going to the movies after they reach twenty-five years of age.

C.The number of movie theaters has been increasing, and this trend is expected to continue during the next ten years.

D.Movie-ticket sales tend to increase as the size of the work force increases, and the size of the work force will increase annually during the next decade.

E.Experts agree that people under twenty-five years of age will continue to account for more than half of the total number of tickets sold in each of the next ten years.

Party X authorize the spending of more taxpayer dollars than do congressional members of Party Y. The groups figures are based on an analysis of the number of spending bills for which members of Congress vote. The figures of the citizens group will be unreliable as a gauge of which party in Congress spends more taxpayer dollars if which of the following is true?

A．The group weighs all votes for spending bills equally, no matter how much taxpayer money is involved in each bill.

B．The group counts votes for all spending bills, including bills concerning the salaries of members of Congress.

C．Most spending bills that are introduced in Congress are passed by Congress.

D．Most spending bills that members of Party X vote for are written and sponsored by members of Party X.

E．All spending bills, before being voted on by Congress, must be approved by committees in which members of both parties participate.