According to the Wynne — Edwards theory as it is described in the passage, epideictic beha

ulation control have not yet been able to

A．use their theory to explain the population growth of organisms with short life cycles.

B．reproduce the results of the study of Christian and Davis.

C．explain adequately why the numbers of a population can increase as the population"s rate of growth decreases.

D．make sufficiently accurate predictions about the effects of crowding.

E．demonstrate how predator populations are themselves regulated.

Perhaps because early humans evolved as hunters on the hot African savannas. Humans developed the ability to release heat by sweating, but most mammals must pant, a function hard to regulate while running. Also, four-legged animals must adopt a pace that lets them breathe once in mid-stride; otherwise, the impact of the front legs hitting the ground will prevent deep inhalation. Humans can vary the number of breaths per stride, set a pace unsuited to the prey, and so eventually exhaust it. The authors explanation of why human beings have evolved as superior distance runners would be most weakened if it were shown that

A．early humans typically hunted animals that were less well adapted than humans for long-distance running.

B．early humans were only one of a number of species that hunted prey on the African savannas.

C．early humans hunted mainly in groups by sneaking up on prey and trapping it within a circle.

D．hunting was just as essential for later humans in colder climates as it was for early humans on the African savannas.

E．human beings of today have retained the ability to run long distances but no longer hunt by chasing prey.

kets sold last year were sold to the age group under twenty-five years of age, representing twenty-seven percent of the population. However, the number of individuals under twenty-five will steadily decline during the next decade. Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the prediction above regarding future movie-ticket sales?

A.Medical advances have lowered the mortality rates for those who are forty to sixty years of age.

B.Many people gradually lose interest in going to the movies after they reach twenty-five years of age.

C.The number of movie theaters has been increasing, and this trend is expected to continue during the next ten years.

D.Movie-ticket sales tend to increase as the size of the work force increases, and the size of the work force will increase annually during the next decade.

E.Experts agree that people under twenty-five years of age will continue to account for more than half of the total number of tickets sold in each of the next ten years.

Party X authorize the spending of more taxpayer dollars than do congressional members of Party Y. The groups figures are based on an analysis of the number of spending bills for which members of Congress vote. The figures of the citizens group will be unreliable as a gauge of which party in Congress spends more taxpayer dollars if which of the following is true?

A．The group weighs all votes for spending bills equally, no matter how much taxpayer money is involved in each bill.

B．The group counts votes for all spending bills, including bills concerning the salaries of members of Congress.

C．Most spending bills that are introduced in Congress are passed by Congress.

D．Most spending bills that members of Party X vote for are written and sponsored by members of Party X.

E．All spending bills, before being voted on by Congress, must be approved by committees in which members of both parties participate.

g released. Persons imprisoned for white-collar crimes such as receiving bribes or embezzlement, however, typically do not, after being released, repeat the crimes for which they have been imprisoned. It is fair to conclude that imprisonment, while it often fails to change the behavior. of violent street criminals, does succeed in making white-collar criminals unwilling to repeal their crimes. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion stated above?

A．Statistics show that persons convicted of committing white-collar crimes rarely have a prison record.

B．The percentage of those who commit white-collar crimes and are imprisoned for doing so is lower than the percentage of those who commit violent street crimes and are imprisoned for doing so.

C．White-collar criminals whose prison sentences are shortened return to criminal activities at a slightly higher rate than white-collar criminals who serve their full sentences.

D．Persons released from prison after white-collar crimes are seldom given high positions or access to other people" s money.

E．Persons who commit violent street crimes seldom commit white-collar crimes, and vice versa.

iggered by the presence of a fire. However, a home builder argued that because more than ninety percent of residential fires are extinguished by a household member, residential sprinklers would only marginally decrease property damage caused by residential fires. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the home builders argument?

A．Most individuals have no formal training in how to extinguish fires.

B．Since new homes are only a tiny percentage of available housing in the city, the new ordinance would be extremely narrow in scope.

C．The installation of smoke detectors in new residences costs significantly less than the installation of sprinklers.

D．In the city where the ordinance was proposed, the average time required by the fire department to respond to a fire was less than the national average.

E．The largest proportion of property damage that results from residential fires is caused by fires that start when no household member is present.

e 400 trained pilots on our waiting list who are seeking employment. The other five major companies each have roughly the same number of trained pilots on their waiting lists, and since the projected requirement of each company is for not many more than 100 additional pilots, there will be no shortage of personnel despite the current upswing in the aviation industry. " Which one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the accuracy of the above conclusion?

A．Most of the trained pilots who are on a waiting list for a job are on the waiting lists of all the major companies.

B．In the long run, pilot training will become necessary to compensate for ordinary attrition.

C．If no new pilots are trained, there will be an age imbalance in the pilot work force.

D．The quoted personnel projections take account of the current upswing in the aviation industry.

E．Some of the other major companies are still training pilots but with no presumption of subsequent employment.

annot satisfy those wants unless it is informed about what those wants are. Freedom of speech ensures that such information will reach the ears of government officials. Therefore, freedom of speech is indispensable for a healthy state. Which one of the following, if true, would NOT undermine the conclusion of the argument?

A．People most often do not know what they genuinely want.

B．Freedom of speech tends ultimately to undermine social order, and social order is a prerequisite for satisfying the wants of the masses.

C．The proper function of government is not to satisfy wants, but to provide equality of opportunity.

D．Freedom of speech is not sufficient for satisfying the wants of the masses: social order is necessary as well.

E．Rulers already know what the people want.

hen you want the most effective painkiller for sinus pain, Novex is the one to choose. Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the advertisement s argument?

A．Some competing brands of painkillers are intended to reduce other kinds of pain in addition to sinus pain.

B．Many hospitals that do not usually use Novex will do so for those patients who cannot tolerate the drug the hospitals usually use.

C．Many drug manufacturers increase sales of their products to hospitals by selling these products to the hospitals at the lowest price the manufacturers can afford.

D．Unlike some competing brands of painkillers, Novex is available from pharmacies without a doctor" s prescription.

E．In clinical trials Novex has been found more effective than competing brands of painkillers that have been on the market longer than Novex.

results of making the investment against the alternative of not making the investment with costs, selling prices, and share of market remaining constant. Which of the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility, constitutes the most serious disadvantage for companies of using the method above for evaluating the financial benefit of new manufacturing processes?

A．The costs of materials required by the new process might not be known with certainty.

B．In several years interest rates might go down, reducing the interest costs of borrowing money to pay for the investment .

C．Some cost-cutting processes might require such expensive investments that there would be no net gain for many years, until the investment was paid for by savings in the manufacturing process.

D．Competitors that do invest in a new process might reduce their selling prices and thus take market share away from companies that do not.

E．The period of year chosen for averaging out the cost of the investment might be somewhat longer or shorter, thus affecting the result.