A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the F’sbetween the words “

Many people do not realize that

A．it is not easy for dictionary-makers to compile a dictionary.

B．dictionaries have achieved such importance today.

C．a dictionary today may contain "low" words.

D．words in a dictionary may be out of date or used only as slang.

听力原文： Although people often use the phrase "the dictionary", there are many different kinds of dictionaries, some general and some specialized. General dictionaries are all-purpose dictionaries that contain a broad range of words and common usage. The first general dictionary that you used was probably a school dictionary. These dictionaries contain relatively few words and emphasize common words that you are most likely to encounter in your school years.

Later, most people acquire a college dictionary. These dictionaries have more than 150, 000 entries with detailed definitions that are sufficient for most college students as well as general users. They also separately list abbreviations, biographical and geographical names, foreign words and phrases and tables of measures. The Random House Websters College Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary are well-known college dictionaries.

For scholars or researchers, un abridged dictionary provides as many as 500,000 entries that have detailed definitions and extensive word histories. You will find these dictionaries primarily in libraries and they often spend several volumes. Specialized dictionaries such as the drinking water dictionary or dictionary of legal terms are also very useful for scholars or researchers.

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A．One that is unabridged with detailed definitions.

B．One that contains fewer words and emphasizes on special words.

C．One that contains a broad range of words in common usage.

D．One that spans several volumes and has extensive word histories.

door security system, passwords or PINs(personal identification numbers) jealously guard access to numerous regular operations. It is estimated that within ten years, consumers could be faced with handling more than 100 passwords! Given the popularity of passwords, how can you choose ones that are sufficiently complicated to be secure yet are simple enough to remember？

There are basic guidelines to bear in mind. First, don't use as a password your name or that of a member of your family, even in modified form. Also avoid use of your telephone number, your Social Security number, or your address. Such information can easily be obtained by a determined hacker (黑客).

In addition, if possible, don't use passwords made up entirely of letters or digits. A relatively simple computer program can crack such a code quickly: Finally, do not use a word that can be found in any dictionary, even a foreign-language one. Huge lists are available that contain words, place names, and proper names from all languages. Programs can test for variations of these words, such as if they are spelled backward, capitalized, or combined.

So, what kinds of passwords should be used？ Usually ones that have a minimum of six to eight characters and that have a mixture of upper-and lower-case letters, digits, and punctuation (标点) symbols. How difficult is it to crack such a combination of characters？ One source says that "a machine that could try one million passwords per second would require, on the average, over one hundred years."

How can you choose a combination that is easy to remember？ Some suggest that you take the title of a favorite book or film or a line from a song or poem and use the first latter from each word as your password, adding capital letters, punctuation, or other characters. For example, "to be or not to be" could become "2B/not2B".

Other suggestions include taking two short words and link them with a punctuation character, such as "High？Bug" or "Song; Tree".

Taking into account the suggestions outlined above can help you to protect important information from unwanted hackers. Remember, too, the importance of changing your passwords regularly. Just a final comment, whatever passwords you decide to use, don't pick any of the examples given above.

What is the main idea of this passage？

A．How to strengthen security through a password.

B．How to choose a password that is easy to remember.

C．How to prevent your password from being cracked.

D．How to choose a safe and convenient password.

补充 Lord Chesterfield, to whom Johnson had paid the high compliment of addressing to his Lordship the Plan of his Dictionary, had behaved to him in such a manner as to excite his contempt and indignation. The world has been for many years amused with a story confidently told, and as confidently repeated with additional circumstances,（翻译 1） that a sudden disgust was taken by Johnson upon occasion of his having been one day kept long in waiting in his Lordship’s antechamber, for which the reason assigned was, that he had company with him; and that at last, when the door opened, out walked Colley Cibber; and that Johnson was so violently provoked when he found for whom he had been so long excluded, that he went away in a passion, and never would return. I remember having mentioned this story to George Lord Lyttelton, who told me, he was very intimate with Lord Chesterfield; and holding it as a well-known truth, defended Lord Chesterfield, by saying, that ‘Cibber, who had been introduced familiarly by the back-stairs, had probably not been there above ten minutes.’ It may seem strange even to entertain a doubt concerning a story so long and so widely current, and thus implicitly adopted, if not sanctioned, by the authority which I have mentioned; but Johnson himself assured me, that there was not the least foundation for it. He told me, that there never was any particular incident which produced a quarrel between Lord Chesterfield and him; but that his Lordship’s continued neglect was the reason why he resolved to have no connection with him. When the Dictionary was upon the eve of publication, Lord Chesterfield, who, it is said, had flattered himself with expectations that Johnson would dedicate the work to him, attempted, in a courtly manner, to sooth, and insinuate himself with the Sage, conscious, as it should seem, of the cold indifference with which he had treated its learned author; and further attempted to conciliate him, by writing two papers in The World, in recommendation of the work（翻译 2）; and it must be confessed, that they contain some studied compliments, so finely turned, that if there had been no previous offence, it is probable that Johnson would have been highly delighted. Praise, in general, was pleasing to him; but by praise from a man of rank and elegant accomplishments, he was peculiarly gratified. This courtly device failed of its effect. Johnson, who thought that all was false and hollow, despised the honeyed words, and was even indignant that Lord Chesterfield should, for a moment, imagine that he could be the dupe of such an artifice. His expression to me concerning Lord Chesterfield, upon this occasion, was, ‘Sir, after making great professions, he had, for many years, taken no notice of me; but when my Dictionary was coming out, he fell a scribbling in The World about it. Upon which, I wrote him a letter expressed in civil terms, but such as might show him that I did not mind what he said or wrote, and that I had done with him. This is that celebrated letter of which so much has been said, and about which curiosity has been so long excited, without being gratified. I for many years solicited Johnson to favour me with a copy of it, that so excellent a composition might not be lost to posterity. He delayed from time to time to give it me; till at last in 1781, when we were on a visit at Mr. Dilly’s, at Southill in Bedfordshire, he was pleased to dictate it to me from memory. He afterwards found among his papers a copy of it, which he had dictated to Mr. Baretti, with its title and corrections, in his own handwriting. This he gave to Mr. Langton; adding that if it were to come into print, he wished it to be from that copy. By Mr. Langton’s kindness, I am enabled to enrich my work with a perfect transcript of what the world has so eagerly desired to see. 28. In letter to Chesterfield, Johnson__________.

A、revealed how he first indicated he was seeking the patronage of Lord Chesterfield

B、indicated how he attempted to visit Lord Chesterfield for 7 years but in vain

C、described in detail how he got assistance fro other patrons

D、complained in detail how indifference led to great difficulties for his work

mbols allow people to develop complex thoughts and to exchange those thoughts with others. Language and other forms of symbolic communication, such as art, enable people to create, explain, and record new ideas and information.

A symbol has either an indirect connection or no connection at all with the object, idea, feeling, or behavior. to which it refers. For instance, most people in the United States find some meaning in the combination of the colors red, white, and blue. But those colors themselves have nothing to do with, for instance, the land that people call the United States, the concept of patriotism, or the U. S. national anthem, The Star Spangled Banner.

To convey new ideas, people constantly invent new symbols, such as for mathematical formulas. In addition, people may use one symbol, such as a single word, to represent many different ideas, feelings, or values. Thus, symbols provide a flexible way for people to communicate even very complex thoughts with each other. For example, only through sym- bols can architects, engineers, and construction workers communicate the information necessary to construct a skyscraper or bridge.

People have the capacity at birth to construct, understand, and communicate through symbols, primarily by using language. Research has shown, for example, that infants have a basic structure of language—a sort of universal grammar—built into their minds. Infants are thus predisposed to learn the languages spoken by the people around them.

Language provides a means to store, process, and communicate amounts of information that vastly exceed the capabilities of nonhuman animals. For instance, chimpanzees, the closest genetic relatives of humans, use a few dozen calls and a variety of gestures to communicate in the wild. People have taught some chimps to communicate using American Sign Language and picture-based languages, and some have developed vocabularies of a few hundred words. But an unabridged English dictionary might contain more than half-a-million vocabulary entries. Chimpanzees have also not clearly demonstrated the ability to use grammar, which is crucial for communicating complex thoughts.

In addition, the human vocal tract, unlike that of chimpanzees and other animals, can create and speak out clearly a wide enough variety of sounds to create millions of distinct words. In fact, each human language uses only a fraction of the sounds humans can make. The human brain also contains areas dedicated to the production and interpretation of speech, which other animals tack. Thus, humans are predisposed in many ways to use symbolic communication.

Why do symbols provide a flexible way for people to communicate even very complex thoughts with each other？

A．Because they are easy to understand.

B．Because they are invented by mankind.

C．Because one symbol can stand for many different ideas, feelings, or values.

D．Because people have the capacity at birth to construct, understand, and communicate through symbols, primarily by using language.

A、An American Dictionary of the English Language

B、Oxford Dictionary of English

C、The American Heritage Dictionary

D、the Merriam Webster Dictionary

A.Yes, a dictionary

B.No, a magazine

C.A dictionary

D.Yes both

A.a good dictionary should be bought

B.buying a good dictionary is necessary

C.you should buy a good dictionary

D.it is necessary that you will buy a good dictionary

______dictionary is enough for me.

A．Such one

B．One such

C．Such a one

D．One such a

That big dictionary ______ Tom two hundred dollars.

A．spent

B．paid

C．cost

D．took