A symbol has either an indirect connection or no connection at all with the object, idea, feeling, or behavior. to which it refers. For instance, most people in the United States find some meaning in the combination of the colors red, white, and blue. But those colors themselves have nothing to do with, for instance, the land that people call the United States, the concept of patriotism, or the U. S. national anthem, The Star Spangled Banner.
To convey new ideas, people constantly invent new symbols, such as for mathematical formulas. In addition, people may use one symbol, such as a single word, to represent many different ideas, feelings, or values. Thus, symbols provide a flexible way for people to communicate even very complex thoughts with each other. For example, only through sym- bols can architects, engineers, and construction workers communicate the information necessary to construct a skyscraper or bridge.
People have the capacity at birth to construct, understand, and communicate through symbols, primarily by using language. Research has shown, for example, that infants have a basic structure of language—a sort of universal grammar—built into their minds. Infants are thus predisposed to learn the languages spoken by the people around them.
Language provides a means to store, process, and communicate amounts of information that vastly exceed the capabilities of nonhuman animals. For instance, chimpanzees, the closest genetic relatives of humans, use a few dozen calls and a variety of gestures to communicate in the wild. People have taught some chimps to communicate using American Sign Language and picture-based languages, and some have developed vocabularies of a few hundred words. But an unabridged English dictionary might contain more than half-a-million vocabulary entries. Chimpanzees have also not clearly demonstrated the ability to use grammar, which is crucial for communicating complex thoughts.
In addition, the human vocal tract, unlike that of chimpanzees and other animals, can create and speak out clearly a wide enough variety of sounds to create millions of distinct words. In fact, each human language uses only a fraction of the sounds humans can make. The human brain also contains areas dedicated to the production and interpretation of speech, which other animals tack. Thus, humans are predisposed in many ways to use symbolic communication.
Why do symbols provide a flexible way for people to communicate even very complex thoughts with each other?
A.Because they are easy to understand.
B.Because they are invented by mankind.
C.Because one symbol can stand for many different ideas, feelings, or values.
D.Because people have the capacity at birth to construct, understand, and communicate through symbols, primarily by using language.
第4题
A.中度、重度烧伤,可继发胃、十二指肠的急性炎症,又称柯林溃疡
B.脑伤、颅内手术或脑病变,强继发胃、十二指肠或食管的急性炎症以称库欣溃疡
C.其他重度创伤或大手术、特别是伤及腹部者可继发本病
D.重度休克复苏后或有较重的脓毒症时也可发生本病
E.药物如阿斯匹林、消炎痛等
第6题
脉搏120次/分是由于
A.失血性休克
B.继发重度贫血
C.血小板减少
D.雌激素作用
E.继发感染
第9题
前葡萄膜炎所致并发症不正确的是
A、可出现低眼压眼球萎缩
B、可继发青光眼
C、不伴有晶状体混浊
D、可出现视盘水肿充血
E、可出现黄斑囊样水肿
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