He ________________（死于脑伤) by a rifle bullet that was fired at him as he was riding thr

The World in a Glass: Six Drinks That Changed History

Tom Standage urges drinkers to savor the history of their favorite beverages along with the taste.

The author of A History of the World in 6 Glasses (Walker & Company, June 2005), Standage lauds the libations that have helped shape our world from the Stone Age to the present day.

"The important drinks are still drinks that we enjoy today," said Standage, a technology editor at the London-based magazine the Economist. "They are relics(纪念物) of different historical periods still found in our kitchens."

Take the six-pack, whose contents first fizzed at the dawn of civilization.

Beer

The ancient Sumerians, who built advanced city-states in the area of present-day Iraq, began fermenting(发酵) beer from barley at least 6,000 years ago.

"When people started agriculture the first crops they produced were barley or wheat. You consume those crops as bread and as beer," Standage noted. "It&39;s the drink associated with the dawn of civilization. It&39;s as simple as that."

Beer was popular with the masses from the beginning.

"Beer would have been something that a common person could have had in the house and made whenever they wanted," said Linda Bisson, a microbiologist at the Department of Viticulture and Enology at the University of California, Davis.

"The guys who built the pyramids were paid in beer and bread," Standage added. "It was the defining drink Egypt and Mesopotamia. Everybody drank it. Today it&39;s the drink of the working man, and it was then as well."

Wine

Wine may be as old or older than beet--though no one can be certain.

Paleolithic humans probably sampled the first "wine" as the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes. But producing and storing wine proved difficult for early cultures.

"To make wine you have to have fresh grapes," said Bisson, the UC Davis microbiologist. "For beer you can just store grain and add water to process it at any time."

Making wine also demanded pottery that could preserve the precious liquid.

"Wine may be easier to make than beer , but it&39;s harder to store," Bisson added. "For most ancient cultures it would have been hard to catch fermenting grape juice as wine on its way to B)ecoming vinegar."

Such caveats and the expense of producing wine helped the beverage quickly gain more cachet (威望) than beer. Wine was originally associated with social elites and religious activities.

Wine snobbery may be nearly as old as wine itself. Greeks and Romans produced many grades of wine for various social classes.

The quest for quality became an economic engine and later drove cultural expansion.

"Once you had regions like Greece and Rome that could distinguish themselves as making good stuff, it gave them an economic boost," Bisson said. "Beer just wasn&39;t as special."

Spirits

Hard liquor, particularly brandy and rum, placated (安抚) sailors during the long sea voyages of the Age of Exploration, when European powers plied the seas during the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries.

Rum played a crucial part of the triangular trade between Britain, Africa, and the North American colonies that once dominated the Atlantic economy,

Standage also suggests that rum may have been more responsible than tea for the independence movement in Britain&39;s American colonies.

"Distilling molasses for rum was very important to the New England economy," he explained. "When the British tried to tax molasses it struck at the heart of the economy. The idea of &39;no taxation without representation&39; originated with molasses and sugar. Only at the end did it refer to tea."

Great Britain&39;s longtime superiority at sea may also owe a debt to its navy‘s drink of rum-based choice, grog(掺水烈酒),which was made a compulsory beverage for sailors in the late 18th century.

"They would make grog with rum, water, and lemon or lime juice," Standage said. "This improved the taste but also reduced illness and scurvy. Fleet physicians thought that this had doubled the efficiency of the fleet."

Coffee

The story of modern coffee starts in the Arabian Peninsula, where roasted beans were first brewed around A.D. 1000. Sometime around the 15th century, coffee spread throughout the Arab world.

"In the Arab world, coffee rose as an alternative to alcohol, and coffeehouses as alternatives to taverns(酒馆)—both of which are banned by Islam," Standage said.

When coffee arrived in Europe it was similarly hailed as an "anti-alcohol" that was quite welcome during the Age of Reason in the 18th century.

"Just at the point when the Enlightenment is getting going, here‘s a drink that sharpens the mind," Standage said. "The coffeehouse is the perfect venue(聚会地点)to get together and exchange ideas and information. The French Revolution started in a coffeehouse."

Coffee also fuelled commerce and had strong links to the rituals of business that remain to the present day. Lloyds of London and the London Stock Exchange were both originally coffeehouses.

Tea

Tea became a daily drink in China around the third century A.D.

Standage says tea played a leading role in the expansion of imperial and industrial might in Great Britain many centuries later. During the 19th century, the East India Company enjoyed a monopoly on tea exports from China.

"Englishmen around the world could drink tea, whether they were a colonial administrator in India or a London businessman," Standage said. "The sun never set on the British Empire—which meant that it was always teatime somewhere."

As the Industrial Revolution of 18th and 19th centuries gained steam, tea provided some of the fuel. Factory workers stayed alert during long, monotonous shifts thanks to welcome tea breaks.

The beverage also had unintended health benefits for rapidly growing urban areas. "When you start packing people together in cities it‘s helpful to have a water-purification technology like tea," which was brewed with boiling water, Standage explained.

Coca-cola

In 1886 pharmacist John Stith Pemberton sold about nine Coca-colas a day.

Today his soft drink is one of the world‘s most valuable brands-sold in more countries than the United Nations has members.

"It may be the second most widely understood phrase in the world after ‘OK‘," Standage said.

The drink has become a symbol of the United States—love it or hate it. Standage notes that East Germans quickly reached for Cokes when the Berlin Wall fell, while Thai Muslims poured it out into the streets to show disdain for the U.S. in the days leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

"Coca-cola encapsulates what happened in the 20th century: the rise of consumer capitalism and the emergence of America as a superpower," Standage said. "It‘s globalization in a bottle."

While Coke may not always produce a smile, a survey by the Economist magazine (Standage‘s employer), suggests that the soft drink‘s presence is a great indicator of happy citizens. When countries were polled for happiness, as defined by a United Nations index, high scores correlated with sales of Coca-Cola.

"It‘s not because [Coke] makes people happy, but because [its] sales happen in the dynamic free-market economies that tend to produce happy people," Standage said.

1. The passage gives a brief description of the content of a new book, A History of the World in 6 Glasses.

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

The ancient Sumerians began fermenting beer from barley at least 6,000 years ago.

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

Today beer is the drink of the working man, which was not the case before.

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

Greeks probably sampled the first "wine" as the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes.

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

The caveats and the expense of producing wine helped it quickly gain more cachet than beer.

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

Standage suggests that tea may have been more responsible than rum for the independence movement in Britain&39;s American colonies.

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

Coffee is the best drink according to Standage.

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

Sometime around the 15th century coffee spread throughout ______.

During the 19th century, the monopoly on tea exports from China is ______.

Coca-Cola has become a symbol of ______.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

__.

erica's rivers and

The celebration of mediocrity is on full bloom at Cuesta Community 【M1】______

College in San Luis Obispo, Calif. Cuesta has instituted a lottery system for

admission to it's nursing program. This semester, 38 names were pulled 【M2】______

at randomly from 156 "qualified applicants" —those with at least C averages 【M3】______

in core courses. According to the chancellor of California's community

colleges, grade point averages are an "artificial barrier" to professional

school admission. "We can't discriminate in favor of students who get A's

over students those who may be getting B's," says Amy Grant, dean of 【M4】______

nursing instruction at Cuesta. Prior this year, nursing school admissions at 【M5】______

Cuesta were determined by grade point average, recommendations, medical

experience, and an interview. College officials deny that they are attempting

to circumvent California' s Proposition 209. which bans affirmative action

in state hiring and admissions.

There is a substantial anti-elitism in American life. Job applicants are 【M6】______

ejected for being "overeducated" or "over-qualified". David Halberstam 【M7】______

wrote scornfully of "the best and the brightest" and the "whiz kid" who got 【M8】______

us into Vietnam. The intellectual inclined arc dismissed as "eggheads." 【M9】______

Many college students wear Homer Simpson T-shirts: "Underachiever and

proud of it." NBA players who threaten to kill their coaches earn more in

two weeks than many educators earn in a decade. And Dan Quayle or Ronald

Reagan certainly didn't win admission in Phi Beta Kappa. The Cuesta 【M10】______

lottery admissions program is consistent with the ration's revolt against academic

standards.

【M1】

ent to a Hospital to See an AIDS Sufferer. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1. 简单叙述一下你们班全体同学及班主任去医院看望一位艾滋病患者的情况

2. 老师、同学和我是如何使他/她保持乐观、对自己有信心的

3. 人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是

The Day We Went to a Hospital to See an AIDS Sufferer