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The World in a Glass: Six Drinks That Changed History
Tom Standage urges drinkers to savor the history of their favorite beverages along with the taste.
The author of A History of the World in 6 Glasses (Walker & Company, June 2005), Standage lauds the libations that have helped shape our world from the Stone Age to the present day.
"The important drinks are still drinks that we enjoy today," said Standage, a technology editor at the London-based magazine the Economist. "They are relics(纪念物) of different historical periods still found in our kitchens."
Take the six-pack, whose contents first fizzed at the dawn of civilization.
Beer
The ancient Sumerians, who built advanced city-states in the area of present-day Iraq, began fermenting(发酵) beer from barley at least 6,000 years ago.
"When people started agriculture the first crops they produced were barley or wheat. You consume those crops as bread and as beer," Standage noted. "It&39;s the drink associated with the dawn of civilization. It&39;s as simple as that."
Beer was popular with the masses from the beginning.
"Beer would have been something that a common person could have had in the house and made whenever they wanted," said Linda Bisson, a microbiologist at the Department of Viticulture and Enology at the University of California, Davis.
"The guys who built the pyramids were paid in beer and bread," Standage added. "It was the defining drink Egypt and Mesopotamia. Everybody drank it. Today it&39;s the drink of the working man, and it was then as well."
Wine
Wine may be as old or older than beet--though no one can be certain.
Paleolithic humans probably sampled the first "wine" as the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes. But producing and storing wine proved difficult for early cultures.
"To make wine you have to have fresh grapes," said Bisson, the UC Davis microbiologist. "For beer you can just store grain and add water to process it at any time."
Making wine also demanded pottery that could preserve the precious liquid.
"Wine may be easier to make than beer , but it&39;s harder to store," Bisson added. "For most ancient cultures it would have been hard to catch fermenting grape juice as wine on its way to B)ecoming vinegar."
Such caveats and the expense of producing wine helped the beverage quickly gain more cachet (威望) than beer. Wine was originally associated with social elites and religious activities.
Wine snobbery may be nearly as old as wine itself. Greeks and Romans produced many grades of wine for various social classes.
The quest for quality became an economic engine and later drove cultural expansion.
"Once you had regions like Greece and Rome that could distinguish themselves as making good stuff, it gave them an economic boost," Bisson said. "Beer just wasn&39;t as special."
Spirits
Hard liquor, particularly brandy and rum, placated (安抚) sailors during the long sea voyages of the Age of Exploration, when European powers plied the seas during the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries.
Rum played a crucial part of the triangular trade between Britain, Africa, and the North American colonies that once dominated the Atlantic economy,
Standage also suggests that rum may have been more responsible than tea for the independence movement in Britain&39;s American colonies.
"Distilling molasses for rum was very important to the New England economy," he explained. "When the British tried to tax molasses it struck at the heart of the economy. The idea of &39;no taxation without representation&39; originated with molasses and sugar. Only at the end did it refer to tea."
Great Britain&39;s longtime superiority at sea may also owe a debt to its navy‘s drink of rum-based choice, grog(掺水烈酒),which was made a compulsory beverage for sailors in the late 18th century.
"They would make grog with rum, water, and lemon or lime juice," Standage said. "This improved the taste but also reduced illness and scurvy. Fleet physicians thought that this had doubled the efficiency of the fleet."
Coffee
The story of modern coffee starts in the Arabian Peninsula, where roasted beans were first brewed around A.D. 1000. Sometime around the 15th century, coffee spread throughout the Arab world.
"In the Arab world, coffee rose as an alternative to alcohol, and coffeehouses as alternatives to taverns(酒馆)—both of which are banned by Islam," Standage said.
When coffee arrived in Europe it was similarly hailed as an "anti-alcohol" that was quite welcome during the Age of Reason in the 18th century.
"Just at the point when the Enlightenment is getting going, here‘s a drink that sharpens the mind," Standage said. "The coffeehouse is the perfect venue(聚会地点)to get together and exchange ideas and information. The French Revolution started in a coffeehouse."
Coffee also fuelled commerce and had strong links to the rituals of business that remain to the present day. Lloyds of London and the London Stock Exchange were both originally coffeehouses.
Tea
Tea became a daily drink in China around the third century A.D.
Standage says tea played a leading role in the expansion of imperial and industrial might in Great Britain many centuries later. During the 19th century, the East India Company enjoyed a monopoly on tea exports from China.
"Englishmen around the world could drink tea, whether they were a colonial administrator in India or a London businessman," Standage said. "The sun never set on the British Empire—which meant that it was always teatime somewhere."
As the Industrial Revolution of 18th and 19th centuries gained steam, tea provided some of the fuel. Factory workers stayed alert during long, monotonous shifts thanks to welcome tea breaks.
The beverage also had unintended health benefits for rapidly growing urban areas. "When you start packing people together in cities it‘s helpful to have a water-purification technology like tea," which was brewed with boiling water, Standage explained.
Coca-cola
In 1886 pharmacist John Stith Pemberton sold about nine Coca-colas a day.
Today his soft drink is one of the world‘s most valuable brands-sold in more countries than the United Nations has members.
"It may be the second most widely understood phrase in the world after ‘OK‘," Standage said.
The drink has become a symbol of the United States—love it or hate it. Standage notes that East Germans quickly reached for Cokes when the Berlin Wall fell, while Thai Muslims poured it out into the streets to show disdain for the U.S. in the days leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
"Coca-cola encapsulates what happened in the 20th century: the rise of consumer capitalism and the emergence of America as a superpower," Standage said. "It‘s globalization in a bottle."
While Coke may not always produce a smile, a survey by the Economist magazine (Standage‘s employer), suggests that the soft drink‘s presence is a great indicator of happy citizens. When countries were polled for happiness, as defined by a United Nations index, high scores correlated with sales of Coca-Cola.
"It‘s not because [Coke] makes people happy, but because [its] sales happen in the dynamic free-market economies that tend to produce happy people," Standage said.
1. The passage gives a brief description of the content of a new book, A History of the World in 6 Glasses.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
The ancient Sumerians began fermenting beer from barley at least 6,000 years ago.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Today beer is the drink of the working man, which was not the case before.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Greeks probably sampled the first "wine" as the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
The caveats and the expense of producing wine helped it quickly gain more cachet than beer.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Standage suggests that tea may have been more responsible than rum for the independence movement in Britain&39;s American colonies.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Coffee is the best drink according to Standage.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Sometime around the 15th century coffee spread throughout ______.
During the 19th century, the monopoly on tea exports from China is ______.
Coca-Cola has become a symbol of ______.
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
更多“The World in a Glass: Six Drinks That Changed History Tom Standage urges drinkers to savor”相关的问题
第1题
第2题
A．exceptionally
B．excessively
C．exclusively
D．exceedingly
第3题
A．exceptionally
B．excessively
C．exclusively
D．exceedingly
第4题
What does the man say regarding Cincinnati？
A．It once had 10 libraries.
B．It was a center for the glass industry.
C．It led the world in steel manufacturing.
D．It opened one of the country's first art galleries.
第5题
【C1】
A．does
B．finds
C．plays
D．shows
第6题
根据以下材料回答第 1～4 题：
Passage Two
A greenhouse is a building made of glass，which is used for keeping plants warm when the outside temperature is low．In a similar way there are several gases in t he atmosphere which trap(捕捉)the heat produced by the sun and prevent it from escapin9．This is called the“greenhouse effect”and these gases are known as“greenhouse gases”．This is not simply air pollution，because without them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist．In other words，the“greenhouse effect”is a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us．
The Droblem is that we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth’satmosDhere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests．The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer，the world’s temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century，and the sea level has risen by lo centime ters．If carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)in the atmosphere doubles，there will probably be a rise in the earth temrmrature of between land 4．It seems ca small increase，but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture．Large areas of the world would be flooded， and some areas would become dry and unable to produce crops．SO，it’s important for human beings to realize greenhouse effect and pay enough attention to it．
第 40 题 What is“green house used”for？
第7题
The heat of the furnace is so intense that the mixture of these various materials is changed into a boiling liquid. How is liquid glass formed into beautiful or useful objects？ Let us imagine that we are watching things being made in a glass factory. It is a small factory in which the work is still done by craftsmen and not by machinery.
Here is a man holding a long iron tube called a blow-pipe. The tube has a wooden mouth-piece to protect the man's lips from the heat. He puts the other end of the pipe into the molten glass and picks up some of the mixture on the end of the tube. Then he robs the lump of glass to and fro on a metal table, rather like a person rolling pastry. As he rolls it, he shapes the lump roughly into the required form.
Next he lifts the pipe, puts the wooden end to his lips, puffs out his cheeks and blows as you do when you are blowing up a balloon. But of course he has to blow much harder. When the air is blown down into the lump of molten glass a gorge bubble is gradually formed. The craftsman needs both powerful lungs and great skill to ensure that the bubble is of exactly the required size and thickness.
Now you understand why so many hand-made glass objects are round in shape. Handles and feet must be added while the glass is still plastic. When the object is shaped to the craftsman's satisfaction, it is allowed to cool off. The cooling must be done very gradually. As you know, glass is cracked by extreme and sudden changes of temperature.
Some of the loveliest and many of the most useful things in the world are made of glass. It is most surprising, in view of the great technical skill required, that glass making is a very ancient art. It was practiced thousands of years ago by ancient Egyptians although it was many centuries before men discovered how to make glass transparent.
Glass Making
To remove impurities from the glass,【46】.
Craftsman rolls the molten glass【47】on a metal table.
Glass objects are made【48】.
The mouth-piece of the blow-pipe is【49】.
All glass is【50】.
第8题
听力原文： A survey carried out in eight countries found that people around the world are annoyed with guilt about the small pleasures in life. This doesn't stop people from indulging in alcohol, cigarettes and high-fat foods, but it does stop them from enjoying them. The survey questioned 4000 people about their attitudes towards a list of indulgences including smoking, eating chocolate and cakes, drinking alcohol and failing to exercise.
It found that Australians are the world's most guilt-dominated people, while the Dutch were the greatest pleasure-takers and also least regretful about their indulgences. Germans came second in the guilt league and were least likely to take enjoyment from physical pleasures.
Scientists said moderate indulgence reduces stress, a benefit that can be completely outweighed by feelings of guilt. A favorite treat, such as a cup of tea or coffee, a glass of wine or beer, a cigarette or a bar of chocolate reduces stress and helps people relax. But when people get caught in the guilt trap, they either try to sacrifice their enjoyment or live with the guilt. This can undermine the positive benefits of enjoyment which studies show can protect against stress and strengthen the immune system.
At its worst, stress can lead to depression and illness such as heart disease and cancer.
(33)
A．People's indulgences in small pleasures.
B．People's guilty feelings about indulgences.
C．The enjoyment from physical pleasures.
D．The world's greatest pleasure takers.
第9题
However, today, more and more consumers are choosing" green" and demanding that the products they guy should be safe for the environment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these:" Will this shampoo damage the environment？" "Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once？"
A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are "green", that is, friendly to the environment.
Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels (标签)to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing(生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of "Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it". The public pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act.
What has caused the pollution problem？
A．Careless methods of production.
B．Lack of consumer demand for environment friendly products.
C．Millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic and metal containers are produced.
D．Both A and B
第10题
Greenhouse Effect
A greenhouse is a building made of glass which is used for keeping plants warm when the outside temperature is low. In a similar way, there are several gases in the atmosphere which trap the heat generated by the sun and prevent it from escaping. These gases are known as "greenhouse gases", and the way in which they trap heat in the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect". This is not simply air pollution like photochemical smog (光化学烟雾), for example. Most of the main greenhouse gases occur naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and without them the earth would be thirty degrees colder and human life would not exist. In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural process which is to some extent beneficial to us.
The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting excessive amounts of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. In 1850, there were 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) in the atmosphere. Now there are 360, and this figure is expected to rise to 460 by the year 2030. We now put 24 billion metric (公制的) tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year. We have also created a group of artificial greenhouse gases that are 20,000 times more effective than carbon dioxide in trapping heat in the atmosphere. These are the chlorofluorocarbon (氟氯碳) gases, which are used in refrigerators and air conditioning systems.
The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer. The world's temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century, and the sea level has risen by ten centimeters. If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles, there will probably be a rise in the earth's temperature of between 1° and 4°. This may seem a small increase, but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture. Large areas of the world would be flooded, and some regions would become dry and unable to produce crops. It is important, too, to consider that there may be a delay of about thirty years in the greenhouse effect, This means that we are probably experiencing only now the effect of the gases put into the atmosphere up to the 1960s. Since then, our use of these gases has greatly increased.
According to the passage, a greenhouse is built to
A．keep the plants warm.
B．prevent air pollution.
C．stop the greenhouse effect.
D．produce useful gases.
第11题
The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth’s atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer. Tile world's temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century, and the sea level has risen by 10 centimetres. If the amount of carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) in the atmosphere doubles, there will probably be a rise in the earth's temperature of between 1 and 4 degrees. This may seem a small increase, but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture. Large areas of the world would be flooded, and some areas would become dry and unable to produce crops. It is important, too, to consider that there may be a delay of about 30 years in the greenhouse effect. This means that we're probably experiencing only now the effect of the gases put into the atmosphere before the 1960s. Since then, our use of these gases has greatly increased.
"Greenhouse effect" means ______.
A．the way in which gases are used for keeping plants warm
B．a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us
C．the way" greenhouse gases trap heat on the earth
D．the whole course in which greenhouse gases prevent heat
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