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[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens&39;s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.
[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour&39;s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form. in 1837.
[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
[E]Soon after his father&39;s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter&39;s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England&39;s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken&39;s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken&39;s birth, his mother&39;s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family&39;s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren&39;s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father&39;s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken&39;s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan&39;s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens&39; as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.
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更多“[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dicken”相关的问题
第1题
cation has obviously been continuing for several decades.
(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol
(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.
(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.
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第2题
2 Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay , you should
1)describe the pictures briefly,
2)interpret the meaning , and
3)give your comments.
第3题
1 Directions：
You are to write an email to James Cook , a newly-arrived Australian professor , recommending some tourist attractions in your city . Please give reasons for your recommendation .
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET .
Do not sign your own name at the end of the email . Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write the address .
第4题
of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.
The high court&39;s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell&39;s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor&39;s decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.
Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.
The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".
The court&39;s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery." The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court," assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."
But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader&39;s source of wealth.
Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society-that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.
The court&39;s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.
The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court.
A.avoided defining the extent of McDonnell"s duties.
B.made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.
C.was contemptuous of McDonnell"s conduct.
D.refused to comment on McDonnell"s ethics.
According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves
A.leaking secrets intentionally.
B.sizable gains in the form of gifts.
C.concrete returns for gift-givers.
D.breaking contracts officially.
The court"s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are
A.justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.
B.qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.
C.allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.
D.exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.
Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to
A.awaken the conscience of officials.
B.guarantee fair play in official access.
C.allow for certain kinds of lobbying.
D.inspire hopes in average people.
The author"s attitude toward the court"s ruling is
A.sarcastic
B.tolerant
C.skeptical
D.supportive
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第5题
which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK&39;s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country&39;s economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn&39;t the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country&39;s success, the world looks very different .
So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person&39;s sense of well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .
Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he
A.praised the UK for its GDP.
B.identified GDP with happiness .
C.misinterpreted the role of GDP .
D.had a low opinion of GDP .
It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that
A.the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .
B.GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .
C.the UK will contribute less to the world economy .
D.policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .
Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?
A.It is sponsored by 163 countries .
B.It excludes GDP as an indicator.
C.Its criteria are questionable .
D.Its results are enlightening .
In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that
A.the UK is preparing for an economic boom .
B.high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .
C.it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .
D.it requires caution to handle economic issues .
Which of the following is the best title for the text ?
A.High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson
B.GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
C.Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
D.Brexit, the UK"s Gateway to Well-being
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第6题
last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity&39;s view of the cosmos.
At issue is the TMT&39;s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world&39;s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea&39;s peak rises above the bulk of our planet&39;s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea&39;s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island&39;s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.
Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii&39;s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope&39;s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.
Queen Liliuokalani&39;s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates
A.its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.
B.the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.
C.the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.
D.her appreciation of star watchers feats in her time.
Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to
A.its geographical features
B.its protective surroundings.
C.its religious implications.
D.its existing infrastructure.
The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because
A.it may risk ruining their intellectual life.
B.it reminds them of a humiliating history.
C.their culture will lose a chance of revival.
D.they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.
It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today"s astronomy
A.is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.
B.helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.
C.may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.
D.will eventually soften Hawaiian hostility.
The author"s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of
A.severe criticism
B.passive acceptance
C.slight hesitancy
D.full approval.
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第7题
the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to
A.stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.
B.highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.
C.explain Americans tolerance of current security checks.
D.emphasis the importance of privacy protection.
which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?
A.New restrictions on carry-on bags.
B.The declining efficiency of the TSA.
C.An increase in the number of travelers.
D.Frequent unexpected secret checks.
The word "expedited" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to
A.faster
B.quieter
C.wider
D.cheaper
One problem with the PreCheck program is
A.A dramatic reduction of its scale.
B.Its wrongly-directed implementation.
C.The government reluctance to back it.
D.An unreasonable price for enrollment.
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A.Less Screening for More Safety
B.PreCheck-a Belated Solution
C.Getting Stuck in Security Lines
D.Underused PreCheck Lanes
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第8题
helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.
In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants&39; susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .
"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that&39;s usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."
Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior. and physiology.
A.Unlike
B.Besides
C.Despite
D.Throughout
A.connected
B.restricted
C.equal
D.inferior
A.choice
B.view
C.lesson
D.host
A.recall
B.forget
C.avoid
D.keep
A.collecting
B.involving
C.guiding
D.affecting
A.of
B.in
C.at
D.on
A.A.devoted
B.B.exposed
C.C.lost
D.D.attracted
A.across
B.along
C.down
D.out
A.calculated
B.denied
C.doubted
D.imagined
A.served
B.required
C.restored
D.explained
A.Even
B.Still
C.Rather
D.Thus
A.defeats
B.symptoms
C.tests
D.errors
A.minimized
B.highlighted
C.controlled
D.increased
A.equipped
B.associated
C.presented
D.compared
A.assess
B.moderate
C.generate
D.record
A.in the face of
B.in the form of
C.in the way of
D.in the name of
A.transfer
B.commit
C.attribute
D.return
A.because
B.unless
C.though
D.until
A.emerges
B.vanishes
C.remains
D.decreases
A.experiences
B.combines
C.justifies
D.influences
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第9题
Part B (10 points)
[A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street
[B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes
[C] Do the Right Kind of Homework
[D] Don’t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations
[E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation
[F] Try to Ask Good Questions
[G] Deal with Issues up front
“Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more”, says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. “The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You’re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you’re negotiating. “
Here are some of Lenski’s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work:
41．______
People either are too confrontational or cave in because they’re afraid to ask some basic questions. “If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they’ll do much better, “ says Tammy Lenski.
42．______
Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. “You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you’re trying to not leave debris, “ Lenski says. “People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need. “
Instead, find out the other person’s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. “The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, “ Lenski says. “It isn’t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It’s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. “
43．_______
In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It’s most efficient if you just ask openly.
When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable.
Lenski then asked the essential question: “Why do you believe everything is negotiable?” The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. “Will this work?” she asked.
The department head said, “Well, I’ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. “ And they had a deal.
44．______
Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, “negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, ”Lenski says.
Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. “It’s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that, ” Lenski says.
45．______
Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. “They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong, ” she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. “Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out? Not what will make
第10题
Part B (10 points)
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about market. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.
A. Market Data
B. Market Prosperity
C. Secret of Success
D. Questions to Ask
E. Understanding Your Market
F. Market Research
Successful small business expansions and new job formation lead the way in creating new markets, innovations and jobs that fuel economic growth and prosperity.
In recognition of the importance of small business to a strong economy, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) is pleased to help meet the information needs of existing business owners and aspiring entrepreneurs.
(41)______.
Your business will not succeed just because you want it to succeed. Determining if there is a market for your products or services is the most critical item of planning. Once you decide on your product or service, you must analyze your market—a process involving interviewing competitors, suppliers and new customers.
Before you begin researching your market, however, you should take a brief, but close, look at your product or service from an objective standpoint. You should ask yourself the following questions:
—Is this product or service in constant demand?
—How many competitors provide the same service or product?
—Can I create a demand for my product or service?
—Can I compete effectively in price, quality and delivery?
—Can I price my product or service to assure a profit?
Once you are satisfied that these preliminary questions are answered, move on to performing your research.
(42)______.
It is extremely beneficial to investigate a market because the information gathered can increase your profit potential. Specifically, it:
—Indicates alternative sales approaches to your market.
—Provides a more accurate base for making profit assumptions.
—Aids in the organization of marketing activities.
—Assists in the development of critical short/mid-term goals.
—Helps establish your market's profit boundaries.
Unfortunately, many entrepreneurs fail to complete this critical section of their business plan. Collecting research data can be frustrating unless you have defined your goals and organized the collection and analysis process. To prevent this from happening, you must plan how you will collect, sort and analyze the information. Maintain a notebook and file in which to store, organize and retrieve data as needed.
(43)______.
Your research should ask these questions..
—Who are your customers?
—Where are they located?
—What are their needs and resources?
—Is your service or product essential in their operations pr activities?
—Can the customer afford your service or product?
—Where can you create a demand for your service or product?
—What areas within your market are declining or growing?
—What is the general economy of your service or product area?
(44)______.
Knowing your market requires an understanding not only of your product, but also of your customers' socioeconomic characteristics. This information will serve as a map in letting you know what is ahead.
More market information can be found in,
—Library listings of trade associations and journals.
—Regional planning organizations' studies on growth trends.
—Banks, realtors and insurance companies.
—Competitors.
—Customer surveys in your market area.
Once you have obtained and analyzed this information, it will become the foundation of your business plan. Research information is important because it supports the basic assumptions in your financial projection—your reason for going into business.
(45)
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