Only by developing an understanding and tolerance of different cultural values reach

Writing 26 people to record information they wished to save,27 descriptions of events in their lives.28 this way, the invention of writing marked the beginning of history. The period before human beings learned to write is called prehistory.

Scientists first discovered evidence of prehistoric people in the mid-1800’s .Most of this evidence 29 ancient, sharp-edged stone tools and fossilized (已变成化石的)bones of prehistoric people.

30 scientists collected more fossils of prehistoric people, they began to form. a clearer 31 of what these early people looked like. For example, scientists learned that early human beings had smaller brains than most modern men and women have. This evidence indicated 32 humans had evolved-that is, modified their physical structure over time. Scientists developed a set of ideas about human origins 33 the theory of human evolution. This theory states that as the 34 of the prehistoric world changed, our prehistoric ancestors went 35 a series of changes that resulted in the first human beings. They, 36 , evolved into modern human beings.

Evidence of prehistoric people is 37 and difficult to find. Scientists must 38 their theory on this extremely limited evidence. As a result, scientists cannot 39 present a detailed picture of early human life. 40, new discoveries sometimes disprove theories that scientists already hold.

26.A.permitted B.admitted C.enabled D.let

27.A.included B.include C.to include D.including

28.A.In B.By C.With D.For

29.A.made up of B.consisted of C.made up with D.consisted in

30.A.Since B.Now that C.As D.Even though 

31.A.structure B.picture C.impression D.shape

32.A.where B.why C.when D.how

33.A.called B.calling C.meant D.meaning

34.A.atmosphere B.circumstance C.situation D.environment

35.A.over B.across C.through D.after

36.A.after all B.for sure C.without exception D.in turn

37.A.rare B.clear C.helpful D.changeable

38.A.consider B.base C.solve D.explain

39.A.still B.however C.yet D.anyway

40.A.In addition B.On the contrary C.In practice D.On the whole

between their lives and what they see on TV- if they ever get home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops don’t think much of them.

The first difference is that a policeman’s life is centered around the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove the crimes in court. He has to know nearly as much as a professional lawyer. What is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and in the rain, running down an alley after someone he wants to talk to.

Little of his time is spent in chatting with women of the street or in dramatic confrontations with desperate criminals. He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty—or not –of stupid, petty crimes.

Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal. As soon as he is arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks –where failure to produce results affects the standing of the police –little effort is made in searching. The police have elaborate hi-tech devices which eventually show up most wanted men.

Having made an arrest, a detective starts to work. To prove his case in court, he often has to gather a lot of different evidence. Much of the evidence has to be given by people who don’t want to get involved. So a detective has to be out all hours of the day and night interviewing the witnesses and persuading them to help him.

A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives. The detective is subject to two opposing pressures: first, as a member of the police he always has to behave with absolute legality; second, as an expensive public servant he has to get results. He can hardly ever do both. Most of the time he has to break the rules in small ways.

If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness-as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors, lawmakers, and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime, punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, he feels, is that nine-tenths of his work is re-catching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes him rather cynical.

51.It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law______.

A.so that he can catch criminals in the street

B.so that he can justify his arrests in court

C.because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerous

D.because he has to know nearly as much about the law as a lawyer

52.The everyday life of a policeman or detective is_____.

A.exciting and glamorous

B.full of danger

C.devoted mostly to routine matters

D.wasted on unimportant matters

53.When murders and terrorist attacks occur the police_____.

A.prefer to wait for the criminal to give himself away

B.make much effort in trying to track down their man

C.try to make a quick arrest to keep up their reputation

D.usually fail to produce results

54.The real detective lives in “an unpleasant moral twilight”(L. 2, Para. 6) partly because _____.

A.he is an expensive pubic servant

B.he works under constant pressure to get results

C.he feels himself to be cut off from the rest of the world

D.he is obliged to break the law slightly in order to keep it

55.The detective is rather cynical because _____.

A.society does not punish criminals severely enough

B.nine-tenths of his work involves arresting people

C.hardly anyone tells him the truth

D.too many criminals escape from jail

, I picked heroism. It’s a subject I know well. I’ve read many books about it.

I spoke of some well-known heroes. I suggested that I was something of a hero myself. Then I described how the hero, in face of danger, discovers all the great, lasting values of life.

When I left the platform, a gentleman came to me. “Great lecture,”he said. “I’m Doctor Bonbon. I’ve been asked to make your stay here as pleasant as possible. Would you like to go hunting sharks with me? You seem to enjoy facing danger.”

I accepted gladly. I saw myself struggling with a huge fish on my rod…

I was to speak again the next afternoon. So we agreed to start early that morning.

“By the way,”the doctor said as we set out ,“you should try out your Cousteau.”

“My…what?”

“Your snorkel. You need to breathe. I’ll show you how to work the underwater gun too. What’s the matter? Something wrong?”

I had to sit down. I tried to tell myself it wasn’t so. But there was no doubt about it. I wasn’t to fish with a rod, I was to go right down into the water. I opened my mouth to protest…

“You know,”the doctor said. “I can’t tell you how much we all enjoyed your lecture on courage.”

I said nothing. There are times when you have to protect your means of earning a living. I was known as a good speaker. If I had to be eaten by sharks to keep my reputation, I was ready. I put on my mask.

“Now put on the lead belt. It will get you down there instantly,”the doctor said. “They’ll go down with you.”He pointed to the four giants on board.

Bodyguards, I thought with relief.

“They’re the beaters,”the doctor said. “They’ll go ahead and drive the sharks toward you. Then all you have to do is shoot.”I didn’t have the courage to object. They helped me over the side.

At the bottom the first thing I saw was a big fish. I screamed.

I can’t quite remember what followed. All I know is that, contrary to what I had said in my lecture, at the moment of danger the hero does not discover the great values of life. When I opened my eyes again, the big fish was gone.

I tried to return to the surface. Then I saw a huge form. above my head. I seized my gun, I closed my eyes and I pressed the trigger.

The gun was torn from me.

In seconds I was at the surface. Luckily, the boat was near. I was on board in an instant.

“Where’s your gun?”asked the doctor.

I explained that I had hit a shark. The beast had torn the weapon from my hands.

The black swimmers were climbing back into the boat now. One of them had my gun. He spoke to the doctor in Creole.

“It seems,”the doctor said to me, “that yon shot at the hull of the boat.”

He was trying to suggest that I had mistaken the boat passing over my head for a shark. The very idea!

When I stepped onto the platform. that afternoon, Doctor Bonbon was sitting in the front row. But I didn’t let his mocking stare disturb me. I was determined to rise once more to the level of my subject.

“Ladies and gentlemen,”I began,“when the hero finds himself facing danger, the first thing he discovers…”

56.This story is told in a _____ tone.

A.sad

B.serious

C.humorous

D.critical

57.When told to go down into the water, the writer had to sit down probably because _____ .

A.he had more questions to ask Doctor Bonbon

B.he wanted to discuss the arrangement in detail

C.he was greatly inspired

D.he was trembling with fear

58.To save his face, the writer had no way out but to _____.

A.go down into the water

B.lecture on heroism again

C.shoot at the hull of the boat

D.protest against the invitation

59.When the writer was told that he had actually shot at the boat, _____.

A.he did not believe it

B.he felt annoyed

C.he was ashamed of his stupid mistake

D.he was relieved that nobody was hurt

60.When he stood on the platform. that afternoon, the writer probably began his speech with this remark：“When the hero finds himself facing danger, the first thing he discovers _____.”

A.is his true self

B.is the great values of life

C.is the challenge from other people

D.is his strong desire to save his face

TOPIC：What do yon think is the most admirable quality of the old woman in the text “The Washwoman?”

You can use this outline：

1.Name this quality.

2.Give an example or examples to show she possessed this quality.

3.Give a brief comment on this quality.

Write a short composition of about 150 words based on one of the texts you have learnt. (15 points)

TOPIC: Differences Between Young Russell and Doris

Base your composition on the two texts “Selling the Post(Ⅰ)” and “Selling the Post (Ⅱ)”

One hot summer day, a young couple and their four-year-old daughter Emily were on their way to the mountains for a few weeks' vacation. Suddenly, a truck in the oncoming lane collided head-on with the family's car. The three of them were seriously injured and immediately taken to the nearest hospital, where Emily was brought to the children's ward and her parents were taken to the intensive care unit. As could well be imagined, Emily was not only in great pain, but she was also very frightened because her parents were not nearby to give her comfort.

Martha, the nurse who was assigned to Emily, was a single, middle-aged woman. She understood Emily's feelings of fear and insecurity and became very devoted to her. When Martha finished her shift, instead of going home, she would volunteer to stay with Emily at night. Emily grew very fond of her and depended on her for her every need. Martha brought her cookies, picture books and toys. She sang songs to her and told her countless stories.

As soon as Emily could be moved, Martha took her to visit her parents in a wheelchair every day. After months of hospitalization, the family was let out. Before they left the hospital, the parents blessed Martha for her devoted and loving care and invited her to visit them. Emily would not let ho of Martha, and insisted that she come to live with them. Martha also did not want to be parted from her little Emily, but her life was in the children's ward of the hospital, and she could not think of leaving. There was a tearful parting as Emily and the loving nurse said good-bye to each other. For a few months the family kept up a close relationship with Martha through phone calls only, since they lived quite a distance away. When they moved abroad, however, they lost contact with each other.

Over thirty years passed. One winter Martha, who was now in her seventies, became seriously ill and was hospitalized in a hospital near her home. A nurse noticed that Martha had very few visitors. She gave the elderly lady special care.

One night when the nurse was sitting near her patient and they were chatting quietly, she confided in her as to what and prompted her to become a nurse. When she was four years old, she explained, she and her parents had been injured in an automobile accident; there had been a wonderful nurse who had brought her back to health with her loving, caring devotion. When she grew up, she determined that one day she, too, would become a nurse and help others — from the young to the old — just as that nurse had done for her.

After she graduated from a nursing school overseas, she met a young man from America, and when they married, they moved to the States. A few months earlier hey had moved to this city, where her husband had been offered a very good job, and she was happy to get a position as a nurse in this hospital. As the nurse told her story, tears flowed from Martha's eyes, as she realized that this must be her little Emily, whom she had cared for after the accident.

When the nurse finished her story, Martha said softly, “Emily, we are together again, but this time you are nursing me!” Emily stared at Martha, suddenly recognizing her. “Is it really you?” she cried out. “How many times I have thought about you and prayed that someday we would meet again!”

When Martha recovered, Emily did not beg her to come and live with her family. Instead, she just packed up Martha's belongings and took her home with her. She has lived with Emily to this day, and Emily's husband and children have taken care of her like a most special grandmother.

56. In the hospital, Martha gave little Emily special care because

A. Emily was only four years old.

B. Emily's parents were seriously injured.

C. Martha w as a single woman who loved children.

D. Martha knew how Emily felt, away from her parents.

57. Why didn't Martha go and live with Emily's family?

A. She preferred to live in the children’s ward.

B. She loved Emily but she belonged to t he ward.

C. She thought Emily might change her mind.

D. She didn't want to move to a new place.

58. Martha lost contact with Emily's family

A. after Emily's family went to live in another country.

B. when she retired and moved to another city.

C. because Emily's family lived too far away to visit.

D. as it was expensive to make long-distance phone calls.

59. Martha and Emily met again thirty years later,

A. Martha, the old nurse and Emily, the young nurse.

B. Martha, the patient and Emily, the caring nurse.

C. Emily, the grateful child and Martha, the loving adult.

D. Emily, the mother and Martha, the childless old woman.

60. Emily moved to the city where Martha lived

A. to work in the hospital in which she had regained health.

B. to find Martha so as to look after her in her old age.

C. to return to the place where she had been brought up.

D. to be with her husband who had obtained a good job there.

Keep your elbows off the table. Don't eat or drink noisily. Say “please.” Most of us have heard our parents say these phrases many times. Did our parents simply enjoy enforcing these rules, or do good manners actually have a purpose in life? As we grow, manners, or the socially correct way of acting, become more and more important. Good manners are necessary in business, social, and family situations.

In the work place, good manners can make the difference between getting a job and staying unemployed. When calling to set up an interview, one should be polite and professional to the person answering the phone. Arriving at the interview on time and well dressed is another way to impress the boss. Wearing jeans or shorts is not appropriate. Several days after the interview it is polite to send a letter thanking the interviewer for his or her time. Having good manners like these will impress people in business situations, and can increase one's success.

Manners are also important in social situations. When a friend calls with a party invitation, one should check the date and either accept or decline. Responding promptly to an invitation is an example of good social manners. When attending the party, one should not bring along people who weren't invited. A guest who shows up with five or six uninvited people will probably embarrass the host. When you leave the party it is polite to thank the host and ask if he needs any help cleaning up. Friends feel appreciated when they are treated this way.

It is easy to forget about good manners with family members, but manners become very important when people live together. We can be considerate to relatives by remembering to relay phone messages. It can be upsetting when messages are forgotten or written down wrong. Another problem can result from borrowing things without asking or returning them. One should always ask permission to borrow something, like clothes or even toothpaste. Being polite and returning borrowed things quickly will keep family members happy. Another way to respect family members is to knock on the door before entering a room because everyone appreciates having privacy. This type of behavior. will improve relationships and keep the house peaceful.

Many people believe that having good manners is not important, or is an old-fashioned way of behaving. However, parents realize that manners are important and they teach their children how to be polite so they can achieve many things. Although sitting up straight and remembering to say “thank you” may seem like a lot of trouble, having good manners will keep employers, friends, and family members happy.

51. Which of the following statements best summarises the second paragraph?

A. Wearing suitable clothes to a job interview is important.

B. To impress the interviewer, you must be punctual.

C. Good manners may help you secure a job.

D. Your success in business depends on good manners.

52. Which of the following is considered bad manners when you are invited to a party?

A. Telling the host whether you accept the invitation.

B. Bringing with you people the host has not invited.

C. Expressing how you enjoyed the party.

D. Offering to help with the cleaning up.

53. It is implied in the fourth paragraph that when people live together

A. they should respect each other's privacy.

B. they shouldn't keep borrowed things too long.

C. they shouldn't borrow each other's toothpaste.

D. they should write down phone messages for each other.

54. The writer of the article believes that

A. parents no longer insist that children should be polite.

B. saying “thank you” is too much trouble.

C. only old people say “thank you”.

D. people benefit from being polite.

55. The best title for this passage is

A. What Good Manners Mean.

B. How to Become a Courteous Person.

C. The Importance of Good Manners.

D. Courtesy in Society.

him small rewards. This is the 26 held by most educationalists. They feel that 27 teachers and parents lay a burden of blame on students 28 never recognise success. As a result, students work in a climate of 29 and depression. If the situation were turned 30 and less emphasis were placed on 31, they would find themselves praised for their successes. In these circumstances students would look out 32 for a chance to shine and so get rewarded with praise. They would be much more positive and 33 about their studies. They would become more self-confident, and the 34 would be greatly improved performance.

Too many parents are 35 to the impact of their behaviour 36 their children. The fact is that many children grow up 37 little belief in their own abilities. In some cases, this could lead to hostility to learning, while in 38, it could lead to extreme shyness. This could cause problems in forming healthy, open relationships. 39, they would prefer to isolate themselves with obsessive video games. As a result, many find 40 difficult to express their emotions verbally.

26. A. method B. thought C. view D. way

27. A. mostly B. too often C. so much D. quite a lot

28. A. or B. though C. as D. but

29. A. fear B. alarm C. joy D. happiness

30. A. in B. on C. around D. back

31. A. success B. achievement C. defeat D. failure

32. A. eager B. eagerly C. uneasy D. uneasily

33. A. enthusiastic B. enthusiastically C. indifferent D. indifferently

34. A. effect B. result C. development D. solution

35. A. aware B. conscious C. blind D. deaf

36. A. about B. concerning C. in D. on

37. A. have B. had C. having D. to have

38. A. other B. others C. another D. the others

39. A. Usually B. Finally C. Unfortunately D. Consequently

40. A. it B. itself C. them D. themselves

（英译汉）In addition to the need for food, man also has need for some kind of protection from heat and cold, and from wind and rain. The first homes of man were very simple. The size and kind of buildings which he built were limited by his technical knowledge and also by the kind of buildings materials(which were)available to him. Climate also had an important influence. In some places, man’s home would be nothing more than a cave in the side of a hill, with a fire at the entrance to give light and warmth and to keep dangerous wild animals away. In warmer areas primitive man could use branches to make a framework which he then covered with leaves.

we're hungry but because it's "lunchtime," because foods smell good, or because our friends are eating.

More evidence that associations influence eating comes from marketing and advertising pressures to sell foods by offering huge servings. For example, movie theaters offer an extra large box of popcorn(爆玉米花)，which, at almost 900 calories, is equivalent to a major meal. Health professionals warn that as children, adolescents(青少年),and adults learn to prefer large portions and tasty foods high in fat,sugar,and calories,there has been a corresponding increase in rates of being overweight(from 25% in 1988 to 34% in 1998).Researchers are especially concerned about the continued rates of overweight and obesity(肥胖) in children since childhood obesity is very difficult to treat and an obese child has a high probability of becoming an obese adult with the associated health risks we discussed earlier.

Health professionals suggest that to avoid future increases in rates of overweight and obesity, we need to try hard to forget many of our food associations, which primarily involves decreasing size of food portions, increasing levels of activity to burn off excess calories.

26.The influence of food association can be seen clearly from the example that we often eat NOT

because________.

[A]it's time for lunch

[B]we're hungry

[C]foods smell delicious

[D]our friends are eating

27.From the passage we can infer that the "serving" in the second paragraph most

probably means________.

[A]an amount of food

[B]a special service

[C]a meal

[D]some calories

28.According to the author, because of an unhealthy food preference, the increase in rates of being

overweight was almost _____________ during the ten years from 198 to 1998.

[A]10 per cent [B]20 per cent

[C]30 per cent [D]40 per cent

29.According to the passage, an obese child is _____________.

[A]less at risk of heart diseases

[B]healthily fat

[C]very hard to get along with

[D]more likely to become an obese adult

30.In order to avoid future increases in rates of overweight and obesity, we need to do

a11 the following EXCEPT _____________.

[A1make an effort to forget our food association

[B]eat less high-fat food

[C]do more exercise to consume excess calories

[D]eat less food