When Jazz came into being at first, it soon became popular and was accepted by the upper-c

s evident from the behavior. of youths of that time. In crowded nightclubs they would applaud rock acts enthusiastically. But when a jazz act began, they went outside and got refreshments. They came back in only when the jazz set was finished. Which of the following statements, if true, is a valid objection to the conclusion drawn above？

A．Jazz is the most important musical contribution of the linked States to world culture.

B．Although some young people who attended nightclubs in the 1950"s did try to listen to jazz, they eventually became bored with it.

C．Since the 1960" s, rock music has not only provided youths with recreation but has, as well, become a rallying point for making social statements.

D．Although by 1960 jazz performances were less popular, there has since been a revival of interest in jazz among middle-class professionals.

E．Jazz steadily increased in popularity between the 1930"s and the 1950"s.

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer.

听力原文：W: New York is a fascinating place and it has another interesting name, the Big Apple.

M: The Big Apple？ Tell me where the name came from？

W: The jazz musicians of the 1920s are responsible for the name. When they played a concert in a city, they called that city an apple. Of course, New York was the biggest city in the country and the best place for jazz concerts. So the musicians called it the Big Apple.

Q: Who gave New York the interesting name？

(12)

A．Artists.

B．Musicians.

C．Tour guides.

D．Businessmen.

Considering how jazz is transcribed in Chinese (jueshi), you may be misled into assuming that it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the troth. It originated among black Americans at the end of the 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American social heap.

So how has something that was created by a once downtrodden and despised minority acquired a central place in today's American culture？ Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two Americans to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuckle and say, "Hmm, seems like being American is a bit more complicated than we thought." Certainly things like individualism, success (the "American Dream"), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things come together because of our ability, to work with one another and find common purpose no matter how diverse we might be.

Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison, believe that jazz captures the essence of America. For good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come together. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that can't take place without the group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a connection to the essence of America in a much more fundamental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture, a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans that came to dominate much of what is American.

That's right, in many respects America's roots are in Africa. Read Ralph Ellison's perceptive description of the transformation of separate African and European cultures at the hands of the slaves:

"… the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the steps so gravely performed by the masters within and then added to them their own special flair, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the steps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in the yard, thought that they were being flattered by imitation and were amused by the incongruity of tattered blacks dancing courtly steps, while missing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultural form. was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activity of a people partially sprung from Africa." Jazz brought together dements from Africa and Europe, fusing them into a new culture, an expression unique to the Americas.

Out of this fusion came an idea that we Americans believe central to our identity: tolerance. Both cultures represented in Ellison's passage eventually came to realize each other's value. Americans acknowledge that in diversity is our strength. We learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to our way of life. Jazz music is the embodiment of this ideal, combining elements from African and European culture into a distinctly American music.

Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand it is a team effort, where every musician is completely immersed in what the group does together, listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions to create a musical whole. On the other hand, the band features a soloist who is an individual at the extreme, a genius like Charlie Parker who explores musical territory where no one has ever gone before. In the same sense, American life is also a combination of teamwork and individualism, a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.

According to the passage, Jazz is

A．actually an aristocratic cultural form.

B．a cultural form. peculiar to the upper class.

C．a cultural form. despised by the Americans.

D．a cultural form. originated in America.

Considering how jazz is transcribed in Chinese (jueshi) , you may be misled into assuming that it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the truth. It originated among black Americans at the end of the 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American social heap.

So how has something that was created by a once downtrodden and despised minority acquired a central place in today's American culture？ Mr. Darrell A. Jenks, director of the American Center for Educational Exchange, and also a drummer in the jazz band Window, analyses the phenomenon for us here.

Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two Americans to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuckle and say, "Hmm, seems like being American is a bit more complicated than we thought. " Certainly things like individualism, success (the "American Dream"), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things come together because of our ability to work with one another and find common purpose no matter how diverse we might be.

Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison, believe that jazz captures the essence of America. For good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come together. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that can't take place without the group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a connection to the essence of America in a much more fundamental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture, a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans whose culture came to dominate much of what is American.

That's right, in many respects America's roots are in Africa. Read Ralph Ellison's perceptive description of the transformation of separate African and European cultures at the hands of the slaves:

"…the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the steps so gravely performed by the masters within and then added to them their own special flair, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the steps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in the yard, thought that they were being flattered by imitation and were amused by the incongruity of tattered blacks dancing courtly steps, while missing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultural form. was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activity of a people partially sprung from Africa. " (Ralph Ellison, Living with Music, pp 83-84).

Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe, fusing them into a new culture, an expression unique to the Americans.

Out of this fusion came an idea that we Americans believe central to our identity: tolerance. Both cultures represented in Ellison's passage eventually came to realize each other's value. Americans acknowledge that in diversity is our strength. We learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to our way of life. Jazz music is the embodiment of this ideal, combining elements from African and European cultures into a distinctly American music.

Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand it is a team effort, where every musician is completely immersed in what the group does together, listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions to create a musical whole. On the other hand, the band features a soloist who is an individual at the extreme, a genius like Charlie Parker who explores musical territory where no one has ever gone before. In the same sense, American life is also a combination of teamwork and individualism, a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.

&nb

A．aristocratic

B．bottom

C．misled

D．heap

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

The first jazz musicians played in New Orleans during the early 1900's after 1917, many of the New Orleans musicians moved to the south side of Chicago, where they continued to play their style. of jazz. Soon Chicago was the new center for jazz.

Several outstanding musicians emerged as leading jazz artists in Chicago. Danie Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, born in New Orleans in 1900, was one. Another leading musician was Joseph "King" Oliver, who is also credited with having discovered Armstrong when they were both in New Orleans. While in Chicago, Oliver asked Armstrong, who was in New Orleans, to join his hand.

In 1923 King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band made the first important set of recordings by a Hot Five and Hot Seven bands under Louis Armstrong also made recordings of special note.

Although Chicago's South Side was the main jazz center, some musicians in New York were also demanding attention in jazz circles. In 1923 Fletcher Henderson already had a ten- piece band played jazz. During the early 1930's, the number of players grew to sixteen. Henderson's band was considered a leader in what some people have called the Big Band Era.

By the 1930's, big dance bands were the rage. Large numbers of people went to ballrooms to dance to jazz music played by big bands.

One of the most popular and long a very famous jazz band was the Buke Ellington band. Elward "Duke" Ellington was born in Washington D. C. in 1899 and died in New York City in 1974. He studied the piano as a young boy and later began writing original musical compositions.

The first of Ellington's European tours came in 1933. He soon received international fame for his talent as a band leader, composer, and arranger. Ten years later, Ellington began giving annual concerts at Carnegic Hall in New York City. People began to listen to jazz in the same way that they had always listened to classical music.

It can be inferred from the passage that Louis Armstrong went to Chicago for which of the following reasons？

A．To form. his own band.

B．To learn to play Chicago style. jazz.

C．To play in Joseph Oliver's band.

D．To make recordings with the Hot Five.

听力原文：[Professor]

If I had to choose one genre of music to listen to, without a doubt, uhh...it would be Jazz. I'm not trying to brag but I have quite a collection of records at home. I'm very excited about our class today because after covering all other genres of music, we are finally discussing Jazz music today. Anyways...let's begin with a brief introduction of Jazz music and then we'll get to the fun stuff. Well...I...uh...umm...I brought along some of my favorite jazz records...we can just spend the rest of class time to listen to Jazz music and really learn to appreciate it. OK, so hmm, Jazz started out with a mixture of many types of music. It's roots date back to the 1880's with African origins. Jazz combines elements of African music with elements of Western European music. The birthplace of that combination, which is Jazz, is said to be New Orleans. One theory as to why New Orleans is the birthplaces is due to the black Creole subculture. Uh, the Creoles were originally from the West Indies and lived under the Spanish and French rule in Louisiana. They became free Americans under the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Urn, the Creoles spoke both Spanish and French and lived in the high society of the French district in New Orleans. The Creoles took pride in their formal knowledge of the Western European music and their social and cultural values that classified them as upper class. Their music focused on sight-readings and correct performances for they played at the Opera House and chamber ensembles. However, on the West Side of New Orleans live the uneducated and the culturally and economically poor American Blacks. Their music was based on simple melodies and complex cross-rhythms mixed in with verbal slurs, vibrato, syncopated rhythms, and "blues notes". The songs they sang were mostly spiritual or sung to pass the time of hardship and hard labor. The songs were actually encouraged because the workers seem to work better with the soothing effects of the music. Their music was characterized more by memorization and improvisation, and not of formal training. The two groups of people lived in segregated worlds but in 1894, the segregation laws were in effect in New Orleans, which forced the upper class Creoles to live on the West Side with the poor, uneducated American Blacks. The mixture of the two styles of music and two cultures clashed and created the start of Jazz. Jazz changed and new forms were developed often. Between the 1890 and the 1900, "Ragtime" and the Blues was the new craze. New Orleans seemed to be the Mecca of new artists and sounds that included everything. The music spread to the North and West through migrating travelers and records. Jazz really came into effect by the 1920's when the Whites adapted and imitated it. Some of the leaders of the popular Jazz bands include Joe "King" Oliver, Louis Armstrong, and Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton. These bands played in a style. that would come to be known as Dixieland. Dancing became the latest craze during the late 30's. Many people wanted to shake off the depression by dancing. So Jazz music developed into new types of music to dance to. By the 1940's Jazz has developed into many styles of music. There were Bop, Traditional, Swing, Dixieland, and Latin influences of Jazz. Jazz has a variety of forms, even today. Acid Jazz is the most recent form. of Jazz. It is becoming more and more popular these days. Jazz has such a great mixture of rhythm and beats that Jazz will never cease to exist. I fell in love with Jazz music when I was in middle school. I think my parents kept playing the records and I just lived around Jazz music. Uh...I think that's enough talking. In order to fully understand Jazz music, we must listen to it. Everyone, get comfortable...and just listen.

Narrator Now get ready to answer some questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

1. What aspect of jazz music does the professor mainly discuss？

2. According to

A．His personal preference of the genre.

B．The history and various types of the genre.

C．The ways to appreciate the genre accompanied by a brief introduction.

D．The birthplace of the genre.

all know, music comes in many forms; most countries have a style. of their own. Poland has its polkas. Hungary has its czardas. Brazil is famous for the bossa nova, Caribbean countries for the merengue, and Argentina for the tango. So, how about America？ What kind of music is typical of America？ Does anyone know it？ Student A Uh, I think it must be jazz. The U. S. is known for jazz. Whenever you turn on the TV or radio, you will hear jazz music. Its almost everywhere. Professor Thats right. Jazz is originated in America. But do you know who invented Jazz？ Student B Um...African Americans. They invented jazz. Professor Exactly. It was African Americans who invented jazz and contributed to popular music in America. You know, in contrast to classical music, which...uh...which follows formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, expressing the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. It has a modern sound, which is brash, uninhibited and exciting. Do you know how jazz was originated？ Come on, weve talked a little bit about this before. Student A Since jazz was invented by African Americans, it must have some connections with the history of African Americans. Student B Yeah... I read an article about jazz. It says... it says that American blacks were brought to the Southern states to work as slaves. And...and they were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long hours in the cotton and tobacco fields. Since...um...since this work was hard and life was short, singing became one way for them to relieve their pain and sufferings. So, jazz came into being. Professor Very good. But...there is something interesting missing. In fact, the origin of jazz is as interesting as the music itself. As said by Mary, the work of American blacks in plantation fields was very hard and life was short. So, when a Negro died his friends and relatives formed a procession to carry the body to the graveyard. A.. .a band often went with the procession. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music, but on the way home the mood changed. The band played happy music. Everyone was happy. Although one of them died, the living were glad to be alive. The music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form. of jazz. But there were other influences, too. Do you know other influences of jazz？ Student A I went to cultural nights before and watched the show by African Student Association. I got a feeling that jazz bears certain similarities with African music. They both sound happy and have quick rhythm. Professor You got that right. Jazz did get some influences from African music. The blacks usually came from West Africa. So...um...when they were brought to America, they already possessed a rich musical tradition. In Africa, people dance, sing, clap and stamp to the beat of a drum especially on religious ceremonies. Thus, uh...when American blacks settled to their new life, music retained its importance. In the fields, they made up...made up work songs, since, you know, singing made the hard work go faster. Besides, as they were converted to Christianity, they composed lovely spirituals. Spirituals also influenced jazz. What else besides work songs and spirituals？ Student B How about the blues？ I once came across a song of the blues named "Four Women". I remember what one line was like: "my mother is black and my father is white. My back is strong, strong enough to take the pain. " Its about four black women. Professor Yes, you are right. Blues also contributed to jazz. Blues was a type of slow, sad music from the southern U. S. Blues songs always describe something sad like...like an unhappy love affair, a money problem, bad luck etc. To this day, the expression "feeling blue" means being sad or depressed. In fact, there was hardly any activity or social event that could not be set to music. After the American Civil War, the Negroes became free and were ready for a new type of music. They wanted the music to preserve their musical tradition but be fast and happy to express their new-found freedom. They wanted something which...um...which they could play as professional musicians for both black and white audiences. So, they invented jazz, a combination of Negro work songs, spirituals and blues. To be good, a musician had not only to remember his part but also to be able to invent new variations on the spur of the moment. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. 12. What is the talk mainly about？ 13. Why does the professor mention the tango of Argentina？ 14. What does the professor NOT mention as an influence of jazz？ 15. Why does the student mention the African Student Association？ 16. According to the passage, what quality should a good jazz musician have？ Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Professor Do you know how jazz was originated？ Come on, weve talked a little bit about this before. 17. Why does the professor say this？ Professor Come on, weve talked a little bit about this before.Narrator Listen to part of a talk in a music class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

What is the talk mainly about？

A．Jazz musicians.

B．The origins of jazz.

C．The music style. of jazz.

D．The features of jazz.

How Jazz Began

After slavery was abolished in 1863, those former slaves who were in and near New Orleans found themselves surrounded by many different kinds of music.

Among the freed slaves, two very different types of music developed from the African rhythms that had formed the basis for the Negroes' work songs. One line of musical development led to the creation of religious songs, which were called spirituals. The other produced songs that were not religious, but worldly; these songs were called blues.

In the years following the end of the Civil War in 1865, a whole new musical world opened up to the freed Negroes. They have had musical instruments when they were slaves, but these were mostly stringed instruments. Now they were able to use professionally-made wind instruments. Many of these were horns that had been left behind by soldiers in the northern and southern armies. The freed slaves taught themselves to play these wind instruments, inventing their own methods of relating horn sounds to the sounds made by human voices. At first, they played the hymns and marches familiar to them. But these musicians were basically singers, and when they blew on the horns they tried to produce what they could hear "singing" in their minds. Through these "singing horns", the marches and hymns developed a rhythm they had never had before. The horns also gave the players the addition of two "blue" notes—a flattened third and a flattened seventh. This was characteristic of Negro singing that became a basic characteristic of jazz.

There was still another element contributing to the development of jazz. This was a kind of piano music which was called ragtime(拉格泰姆音乐). In ragtime, the piano player keeps a steady beat with his left hand while his right hand changes the beat in unexpected ways. This produces an effect called syncopation(切分)—another characteristic of jazz.

The first important jazz band was a group led by Buddy Bolden, a barber. In 1895 and 1896 Bolden was known as the "King" among New Orleans musicians. When Bolden played for outdoor dancing in a park, his playing was powerful enough to attract all the dancers from another park a block away. "Calling my children home" was how Bold- en described this.

For Bolden's band and others that grew up around it in New Orleans, each player could compose his music while he was playing it; the music was improvised(即兴创作), not written in advance. Usually there was no piano because these bands served many purposes: playing for dances at night, marching in daytime parades, playing for funerals or riding around the city on wagons to advertise products. As a result, the piano in jazz developed in a separate line of its own until the 1920s.

As the nineteenth century became the twentieth, Negro bands were being heard more and more on the streets of New Orleans. Included in the crowd of listeners who followed them were black youngsters such as Louis Armstrong, The new music excited young white musicians, too, and soon there were white bands trying to copy this Negro style. of playing.

But the "blue" tones that came so naturally to the Negroes were not easy for the white musicians. For them, the ragtime rhythms were easier than the curving roll of Negro music. The white musicians created the foundation for what is now called Dixieland jazz.

At first, jazz was known as "good-time music"; it was mainly music for dancing. In New Orleans, and in other towns in the United Sates, jazz was most often heard it sections of the town where "respectable" citizens were not supposed to be seen. Thus, in New Orleans, this young style. of music became popular during the first twenty years of the twentieth century in Storyville, a section of the city where streets were lined with dance halls and bars, along with even less acceptable places for entertainment.

In 1917, du

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

听音频，回答题

Jazz captures the essence of America， for in jazz all of the American characteristics come together. The solos are a（26）ofindividual brilliance that can"t take place without these group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that， jazz has a connection to theessence of America in a much more（27）way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture and a musicalmedium that（28）the culture of the Africans whose culture came to（29）much of what is American.

Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe，（30）them into a new culture and an expression unique to theAmericans. Out of this fusion came an idea that Americans believe it"s central to their identity: tolerance. Americans（31）that cultural diversity is their strength. They learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to their wayof life. Jazz music is the embodiment of these ideals， combining elements from African and European cultures into a（32）American music. Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand， it is a team effort， where every musicianis completely（33）what the group does together， listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions tocreate a musical whole. On the other hand， the band features a soloist who is an individual（34）， a genius like Charlie Parkerwho explores musical（35）whers no one has ever gone before. In the same sense， American life is also a combination ofteamwork and individualism and a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.

第（26）题__________

查看材料

听音频，回答题

Jazz captures the essence of America， for in jazz all of the American characteristics come together. The solos are a（26）ofindividual brilliance that can"t take place without these group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that， jazz has a connection to theessence of America in a much more（27）way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture and a musicalmedium that（28）the culture of the Africans whose culture came to（29）much of what is American.

Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe，（30）them into a new culture and an expression unique to theAmericans. Out of this fusion came an idea that Americans believe it"s central to their identity: tolerance. Americans（31）that cultural diversity is their strength. They learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to their wayof life. Jazz music is the embodiment of these ideals， combining elements from African and European cultures into a（32）American music. Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand， it is a team effort， where every musicianis completely（33）what the group does together， listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions tocreate a musical whole. On the other hand， the band features a soloist who is an individual（34）， a genius like Charlie Parkerwho explores musical（35）whers no one has ever gone before. In the same sense， American life is also a combination ofteamwork and individualism and a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.

第（26）题__________

查看材料