For example, within minority communities, capital markets do not properly fulfill their functions;they do not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in the United States. The financialsystem does not generate the credit or investment vehicles needed for underwriting economicdevelopment in minority areas. The problem underlying this dysfunction is found in a rationingmechanism affecting both the available alternatives for investment and the amount of financialresources. This creates a distributive mechanism penalizing members of minority groups becauseof their socioeconomic differences from others. The existing system expresses definite sociallybased investment preferences that result from the previous allocation of income and that influencethe allocation of resources for the present and future. The system tends to increase the inequalityof income distribution. And, in the United States economy, a greater inequality of incomedistribution leads to a greater concentration of capital in certain types of investment.
Most traditional financial-market analysis studies ignore financial markets’ deficiencies inallocation because of analysts’ inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition.Conventional financial analysis pays limited attention to issues of market structure and dynamics,relative costs of information, and problems of income distribution. Market participants are viewedas acting as entirely independent and homogeneous individuals with perfect foresight aboutcapital-market behavior. Also, it is assumed that each individual in the community at large has thesame access to the market and the same opportunity to transact and to express the preferenceappropriate to his or her individual interest. Moreover, it is assumed that transaction costs forvarious types of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.) are equally known and equally dividedamong all community members.
The main point made by the passage is that______
A.financial markets provide for an optimum allocation of resources among all competing participants by balancing supply and demand
B.the allocation of financial resources takes place among separate individual participants, each of whom has access to the market
C.the existence of certain factors adversely affecting members of minority groups shows that financial markets do not function as conventional theory says they function
D.investments in minority communities can be made by the use of various alternative financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds
E.since transaction costs for stocks, bonds, and other other financial instruments are not equally apportioned among all minority-group members, the financail market is subject to criticism
第1题
海关对进口产品代征的增值税、消费税,也是城建税和教育费费附加的征收对象。 ()
A.正确
B.错误
第2题
海关对进口产品代征的增值税、消费税也是城建税和教育费附加的征收对象。()
A.正确
B.错误
第6题
海关对进口产品代征增值税和消费税时,应同时按海关所在地适用城建税税率代征城建税。()
A.正确
B.错误
第10题
下列各项中,符合城市维护建设税有关规定的是()。
A.海关对进口产品代征的增值税、消费税,不征收城建税
B.即征即退增值税的,附征的城建税和教育费附加也随之退还
C.纳税人偷漏“三税”而加收的滞纳金、罚款,一并计入城建税及教育费附加的计税依据
D.因减免税而实行“三税”退库的,城建税不得同时退库
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