For the most part, schools are designed to produce people who fit into society, not people

who set out to change it. However, schools, particularly universities, may not only transmit culture; they may add to the cultural heritage. Contemporary American society places a good deal of emphasis on the development of new knowledge, especially in the physical and biological sciences, medicine, and engineering. In recent decades, the nation’s leading universities have increasingly become research centres.

An emphasis on research has led universities to judge professors not primarily in terms of their competence as teachers, but as researchers. Promotions, salary increases, and other benefits have long been dependent on research and publication. However, the, top priority is no longer publishing. To be successful these days, professors have to bring in funds from research grants provided by government and private industry. Critics contend that academic success is most likely to come to those who have learned to "neglect" their teaching duties to pursue research activities. Defenders say that even when students are not themselves involved in research projects they benefit from the intellectual .stimulation that a research orientation brings to university life.

Major research universities like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have also established a range of partner- ships with industrial concerns to develop technology and products with commercial potential. With university-industry ties continuing to grow, debate has flared about the consequences for basic science, academic openness, the control of information, the direction of research, and the influence on students.

Which of the following is not emphasized by contemporary American society？

A．Physical.

B．Biological sciences.

C．Engineering.

D．Art.