The theory of kin selection—the idea that animals can pass on their genes by helping their close relatives—is biology's explanation for seemingly altruistic acts. An individual carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die younger than one with "selfish" genes, and thus to have a reduced contribution to the next generation's genetic pool. But if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its relatives, genes for altruistic behavior. might nevertheless propagate.
Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be explained away, in what has become a cottage industry within biology. An animal might care for the offspring of another that it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefits for itself later on (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism). The hunter who generously shares his spoils with others may be doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, and ultimately boost his breeding success. These apparently selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of selfinterest.
All of these examples fit economists' arguments that Homo sapiens is also Homo economicus—maximizing something that economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is a residuum of human activity that defies such explanations: people contribute to charities for the homeless, return lost wallets, do voluntary work and tip waiters in restaurants to which they do not plan to return. Both economic rationalism and natural selection offer few explanations for such random acts of kindness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful behavior, when someone harms his own interest in order to damage that of another. But people are now trying to find answers.
When a new phenomenon is recognized by science, a name always helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr. Fehr and his colleagues argue for a behavioral propensity they call "strong reciprocity". This name is intended to distinguish it from reciprocal altruism. According to Dr. Fehr, a person is a strong reciprocator if he is willing to sacrifice resources to be kind to those who are being kind, and to punish those who are being unkind. Significantly, strong reciprocators will behave this way even if doing so provides no prospect of material rewards in the future.
The story of J.B.S. Haldane is mentioned in the text
A.to honor his unusual altruistic acts.
B.to show how he contributed to his offspring.
C.to introduce the topic of human altruism.
D.to give an episode of his calculation abilities.
第1题
重视对人类异常行为的分析,强调心理学应该研究无意识现象的心理学流派是()
A.格式塔心理学
B.人本主义心理学
C.精神分析心理学
D.行为主义心理学
第2题
重视对人类异常行为的分析,强调心理学应该研究无意识现象的心理学学派是【 】
A.人本主义心理学
B.机能主义心理学
C.精神分析学派
D.行为主义心理学
第3题
重视对人类异常行为的分析,强调心理学应该研究无意识现象的心理学流派是()
A.格式塔心理学
B.人本主义心理学
C.精神分析心理学
D.行为主义心理学
第4题
重视对人类异常行为的分析,强调心理学应该研究无意识现象的心理学流派是
A.格式塔心理学
B.人本主义心理学
C.精神分析心理学
D.行为主义心理学
第5题
心理学重视异常行为的分析,强调心理学应该研究无意识现象。
A.构造主义
B.人本主义
C.格式塔
D.精神分析
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