But as human population has exploded over the past few thousand years, the delicate ecological balance that kept the Long Summer going has become threatened. The rise of industrialized agriculture has thrown off Earth's natural nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, leading to pollution on land and water, while our fossil-fuel addiction has moved billions of tons of carbon from the land into the atmosphere, heating the climate ever more.
Now a new article in the Sept. 24 issue of Nature says the safe climatic limits in which humanity has blossomed are more vulnerable than ever and that unless we recognize our planetary boundaries and stay within them, we risk total catastrophe. "Human activities have reached a level that could damage the systems that keep Earth in the desirable Holocene state," writes Johan Rockstrom, executive director of the Stockholm Environmental Institute and the author of the article. "The result could be irreversible and, in some cases, abrupt environmental change, leading to a state less conducive to human development."
Regarding climate change, for instance, Rockstrom proposes an atmospheric-carbon-concentration limit of no more than 350 parts per million (p.p.m.)—meaning no more than 350 atoms of carbon for every million atoms of air. (Before the industrial age, levels were at 280 p.p.m.; currently they're at 387 p.p.m, and rising.) That, scientists believe, should be enough to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2℃ above pre- industrial levels, which should be safely below a climatic tipping point that could lead to the Wide-scale melting of polar ice sheets, swamping coastal cities. "Transgressing these boundaries will increase the risk of irreversible climate change," writes Rockstrom. That's the impact of breaching only one of nine planetary boundaries that Rockstrom identifies in the paper. Other boundaries involve freshwater overuse, the global agricultural cycle and ozone loss. In each case, he scans the state of science to find ecological limits that we can't violate, lest we risk passing a tipping point that could throw the planet out of whack for human beings. It's based on a theory that ecological change occurs not so much cumulatively, but suddenly, after invisible thresholds have been reached. Stay within the lines, and we might just be all right.
In three of the nine cases Rockstrom has pointed out, however—climate change, the nitrogen cycle and species loss—we've already passed his threshold limits. In the case of global warming, we haven't yet felt the full effects, Rockstrom says, because carbon acts gradually on the climate—but once warming starts, it may prove hard to stop unless we reduce emissions sharply. Ditto for the nitrogen cycle, where industrialized agriculture already has humanity pouring more chemicals into the land and oceans than the planet can process, and for wildlife loss, where we risk biological collapse. "We can say with some confidence that Earth cannot sustain the current rate of loss without significant erosion of ecosystem resilience," says Rockstrom.
The paper offers a useful way of looking at the environment, especially for global policy makers. A
A.It is possible to grow crops.
B.Human beings have appeared.
C.Cultures have come into being.
D.It is possible for modem men to increase quickly.
第2题
巴戟天主产地为
A.江苏、浙江、安徽
B.广东、广西、福建
C.山东、山西、河南
D.河南、河北、山西
E.湖南、湖北、江西
第5题
药材广藿香主产于
A.山西、内蒙古
B.海南、江西
C.广东、海南
D.广西、贵州
E.河北、山东
第6题
A.河北、山西、内蒙古
B.安徽、江苏、山东、四川
C.东北地区
D.浙江
E.广东、广西
丹参主产于E.
第7题
巴戟天主产地为
A.江苏、浙江
B.广东、广西、福建
C.山东、山西
D.河南、河北
E.湖南、湖北
第8题
我国鲁西黄牛的自然分布主要集中在()。
A.山东、辽宁和河南地区
B.山东、河北和山西地区
C.广西、河南和四川地区
D.辽宁、宁夏和内蒙古地区
第9题
国民大革命时期,农民运动最为活跃的是()
A.广东 湖南 湖北 江西
B.广东 广西 山东 河北
C.江西 湖北 河南 山西
D.广西 湖南 河南 山东
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