Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas

they represent. Concepts of reading have changed 【26】______ over the centuries. During the 1950s and 1960s especially, increased attention has been devoted to 【27】______ the reading process. 【28】______ specialists agree that reading 【29】______ a complex organization of higher mental 【30】______ , they disagree 【31】______ the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, 【32】______ reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand 【33】______ .

These authorities 【34】______ that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is 【35】______ related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 【36】______ their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, 【37】______ some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 【38】______ reads.

Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 【39】______ . By some expert they would not be 【40】______ as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most 【41】______ and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 【42】______ the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 【43】______ , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do 【44】______ widely and enthusiastically. 【45】______ , reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.

【26】

A．substantively

B．substantially

C．substitutively

D．subjectively